Name :Alecu Simona Cristina

Alexa Petronela Alexandra

Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics - Ovidius University
Year 2020
Coordinator :lecturer dr. Popescu Cristina
 Introduction
o What is relativity
o Fundamental concept of relativity
 Albert Einstein
 The most faimous “failed” experiment
 Speed of light is constant
o Invariance of the speed of light
o Facts and consequences
 Time dilation
o Definition
o How fast does time slow?
 Relativity of simultaneity
 The famous formula Einstein
 Length contraction
o Definition
o Example
 Conclusion
 The way that anything except light moves through time and spaces depends on the position and
movement of someone who is watching.

Relativity, wide-ranging physical theories formed by the German-born physicist Albert Einstein. With his
theories of special relativity (1905) and general relativity (1915), Einstein overthrew many assumptions
underlying earlier physical theories, redefining in the process the fundamental concepts of space, time,
matter, energy, and gravity. Along with quantum mechanics, relativity is central to modern physics. In
particular, relativity provides the basis for understanding cosmic processes and the geometry of the
universe itself.
Albert Einstein (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a
German-born theoretical physicist who developed
the theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern
physics (alongside quantum mechanics).His work is also
known for its influence on the philosophy of science.He
is best known to the general public for his mass–energy
equivalence formula E = mc2, which has been dubbed
"the world's most famous equation".He received the
1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to
theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of
the law of the photoelectric effect", a pivotal step in the
development of quantum theory.
• Exeriment performed for the delection of „aether wind”
• Comparison of speed of light in perpendicular directions.
• The failure initiated research which led to proposal of theory of relativity.
 The failure of this experiment proved that speed of light is
constant.
Arrows shot from a moving train (A) and from a
stationary location (B) will arrive at a target at
different velocities—in this case, 300 and 200
km/hr, respectively, because of the motion of the
train. However, such commonsense addition of
velocities does not apply to light. Even for a train
traveling at the speed of light, both laser beams, A
and B, have the same velocity: c.
•  
Incorrect Newtonian description:
As seen by astronaut in spaceship,light is approaching her at 3 *+1*=4 * m/s.
 Correct Einstein description:
As seen by astronaut in spaceship,light is approaching her at 3*m/s.
Regaldless of speed and direction ,observeres always measure the speed of light to be the
same value.
Speed of light is the maximum possible speed.

 The lengenth of an objects decreases as its speed increases.

 Clocks passing by you run more slowly than do clocks at rest.
Time dilation is a difference in the elapsed time as measured by two clocks due to a relative
velocity between them or to a difference in gravitational potential between their locations.
After compensating for varying signal delays due to the changing distance between an
observer and a moving clock (Doppler effect), the observer will measure the moving clock as
ticking slower than a clock that is at rest in the observer's own reference frame.
• Assumption:
•  
Two observers are in relative uniform
motion v uninfluenced by gravitational mass.

• Effect:
The other clock is ticking at a slower rate
than the local clock.

t'=t-
Simultaneity is the relation between two events assumed to be
happening at the same time in a given frame of reference.

Let's do a little experiment

For example, suppose the train
moves at 40 km per hour. One
hour after it sets out, a tree 60 km
from the train’s starting point is
struck by lightning. The fixed
observer measures x as 60 km and
t as one hour. The moving
observer also measures t as one
hour, and so, according to
Newton’s equation, he measures x
′ as 20 km.
 One result is that the mass of a body increases with its speed. An observer on a moving body,
such as a spacecraft, measures its so-called rest mass m0, while a fixed observer measures its
mass m as relativistic masswhich is greater than m0. In fact, as the spacecraft’s speed
approaches that of light, the mass m approaches infinity. However, as the object’s mass
increases, so does the energy required to keep accelerating it; thus, it would take infinite
energy to accelerate a material body to the speed of light. For this reason, no material object
can reach the speed of light, which is the speed limit for the universe.
Length contraction is the phenomenon that a moving object's length is measured to be
shorter than its proper length, which is the length as measured in the object's own rest
frame. It is also known as Lorentz contraction or Lorentzand is usually only noticeable at
a substantial fraction of the speed of light. Length contraction is only in the direction in
which the body is traveling. For standard objects, this effect is negligible at everyday
speeds, and can be ignored for all regular purposes, only becoming significant as the
object approaches the speed of light relative to the observer.
The Earth-bound observer measures the proper length L0, because the points at which the muon is produced
and decays are stationary relative to the Earth. To the muon, the Earth, air, and clouds are moving, and so the
distance L it sees is not the proper length.

(a) The Earth-bound observer sees the muon travel 2.01 km between clouds.
(b) The muon sees itself travel the same path, but only a distance of 0.627 km.
The Earth, air, and clouds are moving relative to the muon in its frame, and all
appear to have smaller lengths along the direction of travel.
 In conclusion Einstein was neither the first nor the last contributor to relativity theory. He learned
much by reading the best authors of his time, and he partly duplicated results already obtained by
Lorentz and Poincar´e. Yet there is no doubt that his papers of 1905 marked a dramatic turn in our
understanding of space, time, mass, and energy. His questioning of received ideas was most radical.
His construction of alternative theories was most elegant, powerful, and durable. By rejecting the
ether and propounding a new chronogeometry, he prepared the ground for further intellectual
achievements, including general relativity and quantum theory.
• https://www.britannica.com/science/relativity/Relativistic-mass#ref252888
• https://
www.slideshare.net/lakshmimanasaabburi/einsteins-theory-of-relativity-6017
3509
• https://courses.lumenlearning.com/physics/chapter/28-3-length-contraction/
• http://www.bourbaphy.fr/darrigol2.pdf