ROAD SAFETY AUDIT EC5601

INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY PUTRA MALAYSIA

Lecturer : Assoc. Prof. Dr. Law Teik Hua

• Prepared by
• Malek Abdulkarem Almaliki GS48818
 Introduction

• The rate of fatalities of road intersection collisions has not

significantly changed in more than two decades, even after the
improvement of intersection design
• Pervious studies reported that 50% of all reported crashes,
approximately 3.2 million crashes, were intersection-related.
22% of the total fatalities on the road.
 Type of Collision at Intersections/Nodes
• Right Angle collision
• Right-Turn collision with Opposing Traffic
• Rear-End collision

Rear-End
Collision

• Rear end crashes are one of the most common crash

types, and are known to generate a large number of
whiplash injuries.
 Rear-End Collision

• A vehicle must be far enough behind the vehicle it is

following to be able to stop safely, even in an
emergency.
• Most of the time the courts will rule that a vehicle that
rear-ends a vehicle in front is 100% at fault. But
sometime the vehicle in front will be found at fault. This
might happen when, for example, there is evidence the
vehicle in front stopped for no reason.
A motorcyclist, Mohd Hafiz Zainan, 29 was killed when he rear-
ended a car near the Segambut roundabout in Jalan Kuching.
 The reason of the accident was

It occurred when Hafiz failed to overtake two motorcycles at

traffic congestion at intersection which shows that:
Heavy traffic: because of stopping and moving the vehicles
at an intersection, the drivers don't give enough space and
may hit others like what happened in this situation.
 There are other common causes of rear-end
collisions include
1. Distracted driving (i.e. texting, reading, eating).
2. Change in weather: there will be more smoke and
will reduce the ability to notice the in the front car.
3. Driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs.
Hour of crash for rear end and all other crashes
 Road Engineering Treatments
Pay strict attention: Don’t daydream or look away from
the road. Keep in mind that a vehicle can move a
considerable distance in one second.
Stay alert and be prepared: When you spot a
potentially hazardous situation, start using your break.
Consider the conditions: Always increase your
following distance during adverse weather, and traffic
conditions.
Do not drive if you are under the influence of drugs or
alcohol: You need to be able to act quickly to avoid
collisions and any impairment may restrict your
response time.
 Types of Collision at Non-Intersections/Links:

• Side-swipe collision
• Head-on collision
• Run-off road collision

Run-Off Road Collision

• Run-off-road collisions occur when a vehicle leaves the

roadway, encroaches onto the shoulder and beyond,
and the driver is unable to safely recover the travel
lane.
The van that was involved in the accident on the BKE,
Singapore, March 11, 2017.
Jalan Ulu Penggeli-Bandar Tenggara on 2
September,2017, Malaysia.
 Both cases showed that happened because of
• Speeding vehicles: Among the vehicles that were
speeding, 90% were involved in ROR crashes.

Percentage Frequency Distributions of Fatal Single-Vehicle

ROR and OR Crashes by Road Posted Speed Limits
(FARS 1991-2007).
• There are other causes for Run-Off-Road such as
• Drivers with alcohol : are more likely to be involved in
ROR crashes: 86.5% of them were involved in ROR
crashes.
• Curved road segments: Among the crashes that
occurred on curved roads, 90.2% of them were ROR
crashes, while among those that occurred on straight
roadways, 62.1% were ROR crashes.
 Percentage Frequency Distributions of Fatal Single-
Vehicle ROR and OR Crashes by Driver’s Alcohol Use
(FARS 1991-2007).
Percentage Frequency Distributions of Fatal Single-
Vehicle ROR and OR Crashes by Road Alignment
(FARS 1991-2007).
 Road Engineering Treatments
There are three ways for roadway and roadside design to
reduce the number of run-off road collisions.
By reducing the occurrence of run-off-road collisions
by keeping vehicles in the travel lane.
By assisting drivers who encroach onto the roadside
to regain control of the vehicle, and return safely to the
correct travel lane without hitting a roadside object or
feature or overturning.
By minimizing the severity of run-off-road collisions if
the first two objectives were not met.
There are some elements that can apply to each those ways to
reduce the number of run-off road collisions.
• Horizontal curve design
Keep vehicle in the • Lane width
travel lane • Raised pavement markers
• Rumble strips
• Signage
• Clear zone
Assist recovery of the • Shoulder design
lane • Roadside design
Reduce severity of • Side slope
collision • Install guiderails
• Roadside natural objects
 References
• TEOH,PEI,YING,
(2017).https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2017/10/295374/motorcyc
list-dies-after-rear-ending-car-jalan-kuching. Motorcyclist dies after
rear-ending car in Jalan Kuching
• (2009).https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/811
232.http://casr.adelaide.edu.au/publications/researchreports/CASR01
8.pdf. Rear end crashes. Factors Related to Fatal Single Vehicle Run-
Off-Road Crashes.
• FloraDilysSalim.(2009).http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?
doi=10.1.1.121.37&rep=rep1&type=pdf. Collision Pattern Modeling
and Real-Time Collision Detection at Road Intersections.
• Rock.Kapak,
(2017).http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/two-
malaysians-killed-six-injured-in-deadly-singapore-expressway-
crash#BBOXigxpV02UxlMD.97. Two Malaysians killed, six injured in
deadly Singapore expressway crash.