Chemistry Form 4

Chapter 2
The Structure of Atom
A. MATTER
B. THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE
C. ISOTOPES AND THEIR IMPORTANCE
D. THE ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF AN
ATOM

2011
EN MA HAN SIN
SMK KAMARUL ARIFFIN
A. MATTER
Matter is anything that occupies space and has
mass
Made up of tiny and discrete particles
There are spaces between particles.
These particles may be atoms, molecules or
ions
Matter exists in three states: Solid, Liquid,
Gas
How to prove the particles?

Diffusion
◦ Diffusion can occur in solid, liquid and gas
◦ the movement of particles of a substance
in between the particles of another
substance
◦ The particles move randomly and freely
◦ from high concentration region to low
concentration region
Diagram related with the experiment

Diffusion of Diffusion of solid

bromin gas potassium manganate
Element
Is a substance that consists of only one
type of atom
118 element in this world!
Periodic Table of Element

Compound
Is a substance that contains two or more
elements that are chemically bonded together
Molecule, Ion
Atom
An atom is the smallest particle of an
element that can participate in a chemical
reaction
Metals and some non metals such as
carbon and helium exist as atoms.
Fe, Al, Mg, Au, C, He, Ar
Molecule
Is a group of two or more atoms which
are chemically bonded together
O2, H2, H2O, CO2, C10H8, C6H12O6
Ion
Isa positively-charged or negatively-
charged particle
Sodium chloride, NaCl: Na+, Cl–
Magnesium Oxide, MgO: Mg2+, O2–
Copper (II) sulphate, CuSO4: Cu 2+, SO42–
The kinetic theory of matter
Matter Solid Liquid Gas
Draw the
arrangement

Arrangement
of particles

Movement of
particles

Energy forces
The change in state of matter
Key :
heating
cooling GAS

EVAPORATION
SUBLIMATION CONDENSATION OF
BOILING
SUBLIMATION

FREEZING

SOLID LIQUID
MELTING
Kinetic theory of matter
Heating curve of naphthalene
Temperature (0C)

Melting point
B C

Time (s)
What happen when solid naphthalene is
heated?
Point State of matter Explanation
A to B

B to C

C to D
Kinetic theory of matter
Cooling curve of naphthalene
Temperature (0C)

Freezing point
F G

H
Time (s)
What happen when solid naphthalene is
cooled?
Point State of matter Explanation

E to F

F to G

G to H
To determine the melting point and freezing
point of naphthalene
Practical Book
Page :
Diagram related with the experiment

Heating of naphthalene Cooling of naphthalene

B. THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Historical development of atomic model
Scientist Atomic model Discovery

John Dalton

J.J Thomson

Ernest Rutherford

Neils Bohr

James Chadwick
Subatomic particles of an atom

proton electro
nucleu n
s
neutron
Shell /
orbit
Properties of subatomic particles
Subatomic Symbol Relative Relative Location
electric mass
charge
proton

neutron

electron
Proton number and nucleon
number
Proton number – is the number of protons in its atom
Nucleon number ( mass number ) – is the total
number of protons and neutrons in its atom

Nucleon number = proton number + number

of neutrons
proton number = number of electron
Symbol of elements
Refer Periodic Table ( Page 176 )
Element Symbol Element Symbol
Hydrogen Potassium
Aluminium Tin
Argon Lead
Sodium Magnesium
Silver Copper
Iron Vanadium
Standard representation symbol
Nucleon number A
X Symbol of element
Proton number Z
27 13
Al Al
13 27
Standard representation symbol
Standard Description
representation
23 Number of protons
Number of electrons
Na Number of neutrons
11 Proton number
Nucleon number
Electron arrangement
C. ISOTOPES AND THEIR IMPORTANCE
Isotopes – atoms of the same element with
different numbers of neutrons

Isotope Uses of isotope

Cobalt-60

Carbon-14

Phosphorus-32
D. THE ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF AN
ATOM
First shell : 2
Second shell : 8
electrons
electrons

nucleu
s

Third shell : 8
electrons

Valance electron : electrons in the outermost

occupied
shell