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EOR Methods: Dr. Tibor Bódi
EOR Methods: Dr. Tibor Bódi
Pre-requisite Courses:
Reservoir Engineering Fundamentals
Class Attendance: We expect students to come to all
classes, attendance records will be taken and significant
absences reported to university management.
5% of the total course score will be deducted for students
with more than four unexcused absences; in addition, no
make up will be allowed of any quiz or exam taking place
during an unexcused absence.
Note: Students must bring their scientific calculators for
quizzes and tests.
EOR Methods
Grade Weighting:
Attendance 5%
Short Quizzes 35 %
Final Exam 60 %
Total 100 %
EOR Methods
Recovery factor
5% - 25%
Recovery factor
20% - 40%
(in special case 60%)
Factors give the favorable condition: Large gas cap; High permeability;
Low oil viscosity; Homogenous formation
Natural Production Mechanism
Natural Water Influx
Recovery factor
Bottom water drive 35% - 55%
(in special case 75%)
Edge water drive
Strong water influx will reduce the recovery from gas reservoir
Natural Production Mechanism
Natural Water Influx
q o m 3 / d , k o mD, o cP, A m 2
Recovery Factor of Oil and Gas Reservoirs
where:
where:
Bi - formation volume factor of oil or gas at initial pressure [m3/m3],
B - formation volume factor of oil or gas at actual pressure
(e.g. abandonment pressure) [m3/m3].
The pressure is usually constant when using analytical methods or even
in laboratory experiments. The recovery factor can be written in another
form
Areal Sweep Efficiency Well-pattern
Areal Sweep Efficiency Well-pattern
Areal Sweep Efficiency Well-pattern
Areal Sweep Efficiency Well-pattern
Determination of Areal Sweep Efficiency
Five-spot System
Determination of Areal Sweep Efficiency
Line-drive System
Determination of Areal Sweep Efficiency
1,0
EV=1,0
0,9
0,9
0,8
kihozatali tényező, ER
0,8
0,7
0,6 0,7
0,6
0,5
0,5
0,4
0,4
0,3
0,3
0,2
0,1
0,0
0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0
kiszorítási hatásfok, ED
Recovery Factor of Oil and Gas Reservoirs
Recovery Factor of Oil and Gas Reservoirs
Surface- and Interfacial Tension
Surface- and Interfacial Tension
F 2l
L E
L F s 2 l s
L E A
E L
A A 2
p
r
Wettability
A T so sw wo cos wo
so - interfacial tension between the rock and the lighter fluid (oil),
wo - interfacial tension between the two fluids,
sw - interfacial tension between the rock and the water,
- angle of wetting measured always in the denser phase.
Wettability
Wettability
Amott
Vosp Vwsp
I w o
Vot Vwt
Vosp - volume of water, displaced by the spontaneous imbibition of oil,
Vot - the total volume of water, displaced by spontaneous imbibition of
oil and centrifuge (until irreducible water saturation is reached),
Vwsp - the volume of the oil. displaced by the spontaneous imbibition of
water,
Vwt - the total volume of oil. displaced by the spontaneous imbibition
of water and centrifuge (until residual oil saturation is reached).
USBM
A1
W log
A2
A1 - area under the capillary curve of oil displacement,
A2 - area under the capillary curve of water displacement
Wettability
Amott
Vosp Vwsp
I w o
Vot Vot
USBM
A1
W log
A2
Wettability
Wettability
Absolute oil-wet
Wettability
Krüss G10 computer controlled contact angle measuring device
Wettability
1 1
Pc
R1 R 2
1 1 1 2 cos wo h ( w 0 )
R R1 R 2 r
Capillarity
Pc k
J (S w )
12
Pc k
J (S w )
12 cos
Capillarity
Residual Oil Saturation
Si S S i Sr
ED E EM
*
D E
*
D EM
S i Sr Si
2 cos
pB pA
r
Residual Oil Saturation
Residual Oil Saturation
Moore. T. F.
and
Slobod R. L.
1956
Residual Oil Saturation
Wardlaw N. C.
1982
Correlation Relationships
The residual saturation of the non-wetting fluids independent of the
viscosity and the displacement velocity
No correlation relationship between the residual oil saturation and
the permeability
There is a week relationship betweenen the residual oil saturation
and the porosity
Correlation Relationships
Residual oil saturation-wettability (Donaldson at all (1969)
E R 0 .471 0 .170 W 0 .130k 0 .158 log o
ER - recovery factor on the injection of one pore volume of water
W - USBM wcttabiliry index ,
k - permeabi lity [D]
o - oil viscosity [cP] 1 1
Residual oil saturation-interfacial tension p 2 cos
(Jamin) r1 r2
p - pressure difference necessary to push an oil droplet through a
pore neck [Pa]
- interfacial tension of the immiscible fluids [N/m]
r1 - radius of the oil droplet far from the pore neck [m]
r2 - radius of the oil droplet before the pore neck [m]
- wettability angle (grad)
Residual saturation-porosity (Katz D. L. at all. 1966)
Filtration velosity
v
V
S oi S or
0 .4
v w V
Nc
S oi S or ow cos o ow cos
Correlation Relationships
Residual saturation for three phases
Relationships between the initial and trapped gas saturation of water
flooding for preferentially water wet and oil wet rock (Craig Jr. F. F.)
The oil recovery factor in case of water wet rock is greater than the
oil wet rock
Driving Mechanism of Enchanced
Recovery Processes
The main types of EOR processes are: gaseous miscible, thermal and
chemical flooding methods.
Usually light oil is displaced with high pressure gas or a gas component
in the gaseous miscible process, where miscibility is achieved.
The injected phase or phases have to be less valuable than the displaced
crude oil, because the total volume of the displacing agent cannot be
recovered: it occupies a part of the pore volume and is left behind.
Welge H. J. (1952)
Saturations which are larger than the front saturation (S w > Swf) travel
at smaller velocities due to angles of tangents which become smaller and
smaller as the saturation increases.
Fractional Flow Without Dispersion
Both laboratory measurements and field experiments have demonstrated
(JONES M. A., 1966) that irreducible water is completely displaced by
injected water and the displacing water replaces it. This displacement is a
miscible one.
Fractional Flow Without Dispersion
The angle (2) of the tangent is drawn from point (Swc, 0) is larger than
1. Therefore the velocity of the displaced irreducible water is higher
than that of injected water . S*wf means the water saturation at leading
edge of injected water (or trailing edge saturation of displaced connate
water); Swf means leading edge of displaced connate water
Displacament of Connate Water
Displacament of Connate Water
Willhite G. P. (1986)
Buckley-Leverett
Polymer Flood
It is assumed that the polymer dissolves only in water and its
adsorption by the rock takes place instantaneously. According to the
discussed mathematical model the concentration of the polymer
solution is always constant. Consequently, the volume of the polymer
slug decreases continuously due to adsorption, as the slug progresses
through the rock.
- porosity, [-]
Sw - water saturation, [-]
C - polymer concentration in the injected water, [g/cm3]
t - time, [s]
r - density of rock, [g/cm3]
Ai - quantity of adsorbed polymer by 1 g rock, [g/g]
q - rate of the injected polymer solvent, [cm3/s]
A - cross section, perpendicular to the direction of flow, [cm2]
fw - water fraction of the stream [-],
x - distance, [cm]
Cs [g/cm3] - the quantity of adsorbed polymer by 1 cm3 pore volume
Polymer Flood
Determine the additional oil recovery by polymer flooding
After differentiation
Vipv - inaccessible pore volume for the polymer solvent referring to the
pore volume, which should be flooded, in the fraction [-].
Polymer Flood
Considering the breakthrough time, the effect of Dp and Vipv is the
opposite. The adsorption holds up the polymer breakthrough, while Vipv
helps it. Cumulative oil production (Np) is calculated using the change of
saturation as a function of time:
Swi>Swc ???
Low Interfacial Tension Flood
In the same way as the polymer flood demonstrated by Pope G. A. (1980) a
modell for the low interfacial tension flood (microemulsion, micellar, etc.) .
The difference between the two models is only the fractional curve due
residual oil saturation. At micellar flood Sorw > Sorc, opposite to polymer
flood where, the residual oil saturation of the water flood and the polymer
solvent flood is the same.
The retardation coefficient which determines the adsorption of the
sulphonate on the rock surface is Di = Ds The displacement fronts are
shown in two cases• depending on whether the recovery process is
secondary or tertiary.
Low Interfacial Tension Flood
In the case of tertiary recovery, the water production precedes the oil
production. The water saturation of the oil bank is Sw2 and the water
fraction is fw2; these are constant. After completing the oil bank
production, a small quantity of oil is produced. This is calculated using
the B-L-W method and the fractional curve of the low interfacial tension
solution-oil.
Low Interfacial Tension Flood
Low Interfacial Tension Flood
Low Interfacial Tension Flood
Low Interfacial Tension Flood