Optimal Power Systems

Course Intro
Review of Power Systems Concepts

Lecture 2

Fall 2020

Ayman Faza, PhD

Princess Sumaya University of Technology
 The Power Flow Problem

Relevant Information:
• Voltage magnitude
• Voltage phase angle
• Power consumed (Real and Reactive power consumed at
each bus)
• Power generated (Real and Reactive power generated at
each bus)
• Power flowing in each line in the network
• Power losses in each transmission line

Goal: To determine the missing parameters in the system

Importance of power flow studies:

• Planning and designing future expansions for power systems
A typical 6-bus power
• Determining the best operation of existing systems
system

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 The Y-bus matrix

  Using Nodal Analysis (KCL):

At node 1 (bus 1):

𝑌  𝑏 𝑌  𝑒 At node 2:
𝑌  𝑑

𝑌  𝑐 𝑌  𝑓
At node 3:

𝑌  𝑎 𝑌  𝑔
𝐼 3 𝐼 4
At node 4:

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 The Y-bus matrix

• The
  four equations can be summarized in a matrix form as
follows:
  𝑌 11 𝑌 12 𝑌 13 𝑌 14 𝑉1 0

[ 𝑌 21
𝑌 31
𝑌 41
𝑌 22
𝑌 32
𝑌 42
𝑌 23
𝑌 33
𝑌 43
][ ][]
𝑌 24
𝑌 34
𝑌 44
∗
𝑉2
𝑉3
𝑉4
=
0
𝐼3
𝐼4

• (the sum of all admittances connected to bus 1)

• (-1 x the admittance connected between buses 1 and 2)

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 The Y-bus matrix

•   general:
In
• : The sum of all admittances connected to bus i
• : -1 x the direct admittance between buses i and j
• The matrix can therefore be easily constructed by inspecting
the admittances in the network and adding them according to
these two rules!

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 Formulating the Power Flow Problem

•Each
  element in the Y-bus matrix can be represented as:

Also, the voltage at a typical bus i can be written as:

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 Formulating the Power Flow Problem

 The net current injected into a bus i, can be calculated

as follows:

Therefore, the real and reactive power injected into a

bus i can be represented as follows:

Or we can say:

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 Formulating the Power Flow Problem

  𝑁 𝑁 𝑁
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑗 𝑄𝑖=𝑉 ∗𝑖 𝐼 𝑖=𝑉 ∗𝑖 ∑ 𝑌 𝑖𝑛 𝑉 𝑛=∑ 𝑉 ∗𝑖 𝑌 𝑖𝑛 𝑉 𝑛 =∑|𝑌 𝑖𝑛 𝑉 𝑖 𝑉 𝑛|∠𝜃 𝑖𝑛 +𝛿 𝑛 −𝛿 𝑖
𝑛=1 𝑛=1 𝑛=1

Separating the terms for he real and reactive powers, we get:

 
These will designated as the
calculated real and reactive
power values.

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 Formulating the Power Flow Problem

𝑃  𝑔𝑖 𝑃
 𝑖
𝑠𝑐 h 𝑄
  𝑔𝑖 𝑄 𝑠𝑐 h
  𝑖
𝑃  𝑖 𝑄  𝑖

𝑃
  𝑑𝑖 𝑄
  𝑑𝑖

𝑃
 
𝑠𝑐 h
=𝑃 𝑔𝑖 − 𝑃 𝑑𝑖   𝑠𝑐
𝑄 h
𝑖 =𝑄 𝑔𝑖 −𝑄 𝑑𝑖
𝑖

Net scheduled power injected into bus i

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 Formulating the Power Flow Problem

 Power mismatch is calculated as:

Ideally, when we reach the correct solution for power flow, the mismatch values should be zero!

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 Formulating the Power Flow Problem

• In
  a typical system, there are four important parameters for
each bus i :

Typically, for any given bus, only two of these values is known.
The others need to be calculated!

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 Formulating the Power Flow Problem

• Three
  Types of busses:
• Type 1: Load Bus:
 Contains only loads (No generation)

 Typically, are known

 are unknown
 Also called a PQ bus

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 Formulating the Power Flow Problem

•  Type 2: Voltage Controlled Bus

 Also called “Generator bus” or “PV bus ”
 Contains a generator unit
 May of may not contain a load
 Voltage is controlled and kept constant
 and are known
 and are known

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 Formulating the Power Flow Problem

•  Type 3: The Slack Bus

 Reference Bus
 The voltage angle is the reference for the other voltages in the
system, and is typically designated as
 Contains a generation unit
 and are known
 and are unknown
 Only one bus in the entire system is set to be the slack bus

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 Formulating the Power Flow Problem

• Required
  number of equations for solving for the unknown
variables:
– Assuming a total number of busses
– A total number of generators (not including the slack bus)
• The total number of equations to be solved is , to solve for
variables

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 Formulating the Power Flow Problem

No. of state variables No. of Equations Specified (known) No. of Busses Bus Type
quantities
00 00 11 Slack
Slack (i=1
(i=1 typically)
typically)
Ng Ng Ng Voltage Controlled
Ng Ng Ng Voltage Controlled
(i=2, …,Ng+1)
(i=2, …,Ng+1)
2(N-Ng-1) 2(N-Ng-1) N-Ng-1 Load (i=Ng+2,….,N)
2(N-Ng-1)
2N-Ng-2 2(N-Ng-1)
2N-Ng-2 2N N-Ng-1
N Load (i=Ng+2,….,N)
Totals
2N-Ng-2 2N-Ng-2 2N N Totals

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 Example

• Assume
  the following for a 9-bus system:
• PQ buses: 3, 4, 6, 8, 9
• PV buses: 2,5,7
• Slack bus: 1
• N = 9, Ng = 3
• Known Parameters: ,
• Unknown state variables: , , , , ()
• Number of equations to be solved is 2N-Ng-2 = 13

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Thank You