(a multimedia presentation)

By Ms Behjat Jami
Ms Behjat Jami 1
IMPORTANT TERMS - I
 Avalanche : A huge mass of snow that moves down the slope.
 Bar: Alluvial terrace an old flood plain fairly high to active flood plain.
 Bet: Active flood plain.
 Doab / Interfluves: Land between two rivers.
 Dhand: Small salt lake.
 Khaddar: Fresh Alluvium.
 Karez : Irrigation Method used in Balochistan which consists of a water- tunnel
or a narrow under ground canal.
 Landslide: landslide is the movement of rocks and soil down the mountain
slopes.
 Mountain: A raised part of the earth with a peak ,steep slope attaining over
1000 meters height than a hill.
 Range : A group of mountains is called a range.

Ms Behjat Jami 2
IMPORTANT
TERMS - II
 Plateau: An area of fairly level high ground.
 Plain: A flat land with fertile soils used to grow
crops.
 Topography: The arrangement of the natural and
artificial features of an area.
 The synonyms of topography are land forms/
physical features/ physiography and configuration of
earth surface.
 Relief: The specific forms of a physical feature.
 Climate: the generalization of the all atmospheric
conditions prevailing in any area for last 30 years.
 Economic activities: All activities which are carried
out to produce something.

Ms Behjat Jami 3
NATURAL TOPOGRAPHY
&
DRAINAGE

(A multimedia presentation)
Ms Behjat Jami 4
 Geographical Terms
 Topography:
the study of surface of earth
is called topography
(mountains, rivers, deserts,
forests etc.)
 Drainage:
the natural flow of water on
earth surface is called drainage
(river, stream & waterfalls etc.)
Ms Behjat Jami 5
 Geographical Terms
 Relief features:
topographic features or shape of
the surface of a particular areas
or land e.g. Potwar plateau or the
Northern mountains
 Alluvium:
the fine sand and minerals which
come with river water due to soil
erosion are called alluvium
Ms Behjat Jami 6
Geographical Terms
 Piedmont plain:
the foot hill area of a mountain
is called piedmont plain
 Plateau:

the little high flat land

above the normal level of land
is called a plateau

Ms Behjat Jami 7
Geographical Terms
 Delta:
a small ‘V’
shaped sediment island on a
river mouth is called delta
 Pass:
a passage or land route
among mountains is called a
Pass Ms Behjat Jami 8
Geographical Terms
 Doab (Interfluves) :
the land b/w two rivers
is called Doab or interfluves
 Bar upland:

the high land on a Doab is called

Bar upland
 Alluvial terrace:

the Bar upland is also called as

Alluvial terraceMs Behjat Jami 9
PHYSICAL
REGIONS
Ms Behjat Jami 10
PHYSICAL REGIONS
 Northern Mountains
 Western Mountains

 Indus Plains

 Coastal Plain

 Deserts

 Plateaus

Ms Behjat Jami 11
Ms Behjat Jami 12
Northern
Mountains
Ms Behjat Jami 13
Northern Mountains
 Karakoram Range
(extreme North East)
 Central Himalayas

(parallel to Karakoram range)

 Outer Himalayas

(parallel to Central Himalayas)

 Siwalik Range

(parallel to Outer Himalayas )

Ms Behjat Jami 14
Northern Mountains
 Hindu Kush Range
(extreme North West)
 Dir Range
(N-S. East of Safed Koh
Range)
 Swat Range
(N-S… parallel to Dir Range )
 Kohistan Range
(N-S.. parallel to Swat Range )
Ms Behjat Jami 15
 PEAKS
S. No Peak Range Height
(m)
1 K-2 Karakoram 8611
2 Tirich Hindu Kush 7690
Mir
3 Nanga Central 8126
Parbat Himalayas
4 Murkushi Karakoram 5833
Ms Behjat Jami 16
 PASSES
S . No Pass Range Height
(m)
1 Khunjerab K.K 4733

2 Babusar C.H 4173

3 Dorah H.K 4554

4 Karakoram K.K 5575

Ms Behjat Jami 17
 GLACIERS
S . No GLACIER Range Length
(Km)
1 Siachin K.K 78
2 Biafo K.K 62
3 Baltoro K.K 58
4 Batura K.K 59
5 Sakiz Jarab H.K 32
Ms Behjat Jami 18
  An Arial view of the Himalayas
  Ms Behjat Jami 19
 Ice
River

Glaciers in Karakoram Range  

Ms Behjat Jami 20
KARAKORAM RANGE

Glacier Formation
Ms Behjat Jami 21
Godwin Austin    

Ms Behjat Jami K-2

22
 Gasherbrum Peaks
  Left to right: Gasherbrum
Ms Behjat Jami IV, V, VI & VII 23
Rakaposhi 
Height: Ms
7,788 m 
Behjat Jami 24
(Himalayas)
Snow capped Range

Snow Line
Ms Behjat Jami 25
  Muztagh Tower
Height: 7,273 m
HinduMsKush
Behjat Jami 26
PHYSICAL FEATURES
 Snow capped; high rise peaks
 Big glaciers among ranges

 Source of rivers in subcontinent

 Mountains passes & gorges

 Foothill valleys (lakes & W. Falls)

 Rain shadow area

 Scarce vegetation
Ms Behjat Jami 27
CLIMATIC FEATURES
 Temperature remains low
 Harsh winter with heavy

snowfall
 Short summer with moderate

rainfall
 Sun shines everyday except

rainy days
 Cool air moves slow
Ms Behjat Jami 28
 Western
Mountains
Ms Behjat Jami 29
 Western Mountains
 All mountains in western, central
and south NWFP come under this
category
 All mountains in Baluchistan

come under this category

 Important mountain Ranges:

 Safed Koh Range

(above Khyber pass)

Ms Behjat Jami 30
Western Mountains
 Waziristan Hills
(S-W… NWFP)
 Sulaiman Range
(border b/w P & NWFP)
 Kirthar Range
(border b/w Sindh & Balochistan)

Toba Kakar Range
(N-W Balochistan)
 Siahan Range
(Central Balochistan)
Ms Behjat Jami 31
Western Mountains
 Central Makran Range
(Central Baluchistan)
 Coastal Makran Range
(coastal Baluchistan)
 Central Bruhi Range
(Central Baluchistan)
 Pub Range
(S-E Baluchistan)
 Hala Range
(S-E MsBalochistan)
Behjat Jami 32
 PEAKS (W.M)
S.No Peak Range Height
(m)
1 Sikeram Safed Koh 4760
2 Takht-e- Sulaiman 3383
Sulaiman
3 Kutto-jo- Kirthar 2097
Qabar
4 Ras Koh Ras Koh
Ms Behjat Jami
3004 33
 PASSES
S.No Pass Range Height
(m)
5 Khyber Safed Koh 1067
6 Bolan Sulaiman 989
7 Khojak Toba Kakar 1312
8 Gomal Waziristan 700
9 Tochi Waziristan 580
Ms Behjat Jami 34
PHYSICAL FEATURES
 Medium height mountains
 Barren land and Badland

 Water is scarce

 Seasonal Rivers

 Scattered vegetation

 Natural passes

 Parallel ranges
Ms Behjat Jami 35
BADLAND
Ms Behjat Jami 36
CLIMATIC FEATURES
 Long summer with high
temperature
 Weather extremes

 Short and cold winter

 Rainfall in Summer & winter

due to both Monsoon and

Western Depression
Ms Behjat Jami 37
INDUS
PLAINS
Ms Behjat Jami 38
 INDUS PLAINS
 The plain area which comes
under the effect of the river
Indus and its eastern tributaries
is called ‘Indus plain’ or ‘Indus
Basin’
 The Indus plain starts from

South of ‘Himalayas’ and spread

over Punjab & Sindh down to
Arabian sea Ms Behjat Jami 39
KEY
Sindh Sagar Doab
Chaj Doab
Rachna Doab
Bari Doab

Start
of
Lower
Indus
Plain

Ms Behjat Jami 40
Eastern Tributaries
 Jhelum River
 Chenab River

 Ravi River

 Sutlej River

 Beas River

(India)
Ms Behjat Jami 41
THE INDUS PLAIN

Start of
Lower
Indus
Plain

Ms Behjat Jami 42
INTERFLUVES (DOAB)
 Sind Sagar Doab
(b/w Indus & Jhelum)
 Chaj Doab

(b/w Jhelum & Chenab)

 Rachna Doab

(b/w Chenab & Ravi)

 Bari Doab

(b/w Ravi & Sutluj)

Ms Behjat Jami 43
INTERFLUVES (DOAB)

CONFLUENCE
Ms Behjat Jami 44
Alluvial Terrace
( Bar
Upland)
 Kirana Bar in Chaj Doab

 Sandal Bar in Rachna Doab

 Ganji Bar in upper Bari Doab

 Nili Bar in lower Bari Doab

Ms Behjat Jami 45
 Physical Features
 The length of the river Indus
in Pakistan is 2900Km
 Lake Mansrowar is the origin

of the Indus in Tibet China

 Indus passes through world

highest mountainous region

 The Indus Enters in plain areas

at Kalabagh
Ms Behjat Jami 46
 Physical Features
 Indus plains are highly fertile
land with plenty of water
 East of Slaiman-Kirthar range

is the piedmont plain

 Sindh Sagar Doab (Thal desert)

is in the East of Indus

 All Doabs have Bar uplands

 Bari Doab have two Bar

uplands Ms Behjat Jami 47

 Drainage
 River Jhelum joins river Chenab
near Jhang
 River Ravi joins river Chenab

near Shorkot
 River Sutluj joins river Ravi near

Alipur
 Soan river in Potwar plateau

joins the river Indus at Attock

Ms Behjat Jami 48
 Drainage
 Water of all rivers come in one
river called Punjnad River at
Panjnad
 Punjnad river joins Indus at

Mitthan Kot and enters in Sindh

 In lower plain the Indus river

passes through wide plain area

up to the Arabian sea
Ms Behjat Jami 49
INDUS
DELTA
Ms Behjat Jami 50
 INDUS DELTA
 A delta is formed at river mouth
due to sedimentation process
done by the river
 Sand and silt which come with

the river water settle in the sea

bed; slowly a small island comes
out of the surface of the sea is
called Delta
Ms Behjat Jami 51
 INDUS DELTA  
ARABIAN
SEA
The
Indus

Ms Behjat Jami 52
 INDUS DELTA
Physical Features
 It is a marsh land or wetland
 It has great mangrove forest

on the whole length of the

Sindh coast
 It has many fish harbors and

small ports like Keti Bandar &

Shah Bandar
Ms Behjat Jami 53
DESERTS
Ms Behjat Jami 54
 DESERTS IN PAKISTAN
Pakistan has 41% desert area on
its land
 Pakistan has three deserts

Thal Desert
(Sindh Sagar Doab; western Punjab)
Thar Desert
(South East Punjab & Eastern Sindh)
Kharan Desert
(Central to south Balochistan)
Ms Behjat Jami 55
 THAR DESERT
 The Thar Desert in Pakistan is the
part of great Thar Desert in
Rajhistan India
 The Thar Desert in Pakistan is further
divided into three deserts :
 Cholistan Desert

(South East Punjab )

 Nara Desert (North Eastern Sindh)

 Tharparkar Desert (Eastern Sindh)

Ms Behjat Jami 56
 PUNJAB
THAL
DESERT

CHOLISTAN
DESERT
Ms Behjat Jami 57
 NARA
DESERT

SINDH
THARPARKAR
DESERT

Ms Behjat Jami 58
 Sand Dunes

                                      

A result of high wind  Ms Behjat Jami 59

 Sand Dunes

Pyramidal Sand Dunes

Ms Behjat Jami 60
 Star Sand Dunes

   

                                                         

indicate that winds blew in

many directions Ms Behjat Jami 61
Stony Part of a desert

Ms Behjat Jami 62
 Desert
 Physical Features
 Sandy, stony & rocky
 Water is scarce

 Land is fertile but needs water

to show its strength

 Natural vegetation is scattered

with bushes, small trees &

thorny plants Ms Behjat Jami 63
 Desert
 Physical Features
 Sand dunes are special feature
of a desert
 Sand dunes are formed due to

high wind activities

 Air takes layers of sand from

one place to another place

 Most of the dunes in Thar

desert are longitudinal

Ms Behjat Jami 64
 Desert Vegetation                            

  CACTUS & OTHER THORNY PLANTS

Ms Behjat Jami 65
DESERT VEGETATION
Ms Behjat Jami 66
 Desert
 Desertification:
Desertification is a natural
process in which a desert
covers more area due to
climatic changes
 Reclamation:

Reclamation is to turn
deserted area into arable
land by human efforts
Ms Behjat Jami 67
PLATEAUS

Ms Behjat Jami 68
 PLATEAUS
 a plateau is a high flat land
little higher than normal level
of land
 Pakistan has two plateaus:

Potwar Plateau
(North West Punjab)
Balochistan Plateau
(central Balochistan)
Ms Behjat Jami 69
 POTWAR PLATEAU
 Boundaries:
 Jhelum River (East)

 Indus River (West)

 Kala Chitta Range and the

Margalla Hills (North)

 Salt Range (South)

Ms Behjat Jami 70
POTWAR
PLATEAU

PUNJAB

Ms Behjat Jami 71
 POTWAR PLATEAU
 Physical Features
 Mostly mountainous
 Rugged, rocky & bare land

 Scattered vegetation

 Mineral deposits are large but

difficult to mine
 Water is scanty
Ms Behjat Jami 72
 POTWAR PLATEAU
 The Soan River flows through
POTWAR PLATEAU
 It starts as a branch of Jhelum

river near Muree

 It joins the Indus river near
Kalabagh; Northern part of the
plateau is arable due to this
Ms Behjat Jami 73
 Climatic Issues
 Low rain fall
 Extensive deforestation

 Coal mining and

 Oil and Gas exploration

 Due to these activities the

plateau is facing serious

environmental problems
Ms Behjat Jami 74
BALOCHISTAN
PLATEAU

Ms Behjat Jami 75
 BALOCHISTAN PLATEAU
 Physical Features
 Completely mountainous

 Rugged, rocky & bare land

 Scattered vegetation

 Seasonal rivers

 Water is scanty

 Mineral deposits are large but

difficult to mine
Ms Behjat Jami 76
COASTAL
PLAINS
Ms Behjat Jami 77
 COASTAL PLAINS
 Pakistan has
1000Km long
coastal line
 Sindh Coast

200 Km
 Balochistan

coast 800Km
Ms Behjat Jami 78
 COASTAL PLAINS
 Coastal belt in Pakistan
stretches from Indian border
in the east up to Iranian
border in the west
 Pakistan Coastal belt has:


commercial ports
fish harbours

Naval bases
Ms Behjat Jami 79