Solution

AGRICULTURAL WASTE (BANANA FIBER AND WOOD BOTTOM ASH)

 Modulus of rupture (MOR)

 7 days - a reduction of 45.4% for reference material U compared with mix V

 14 days -WBA contents on MOR at constant BF showed that after the optimum strength was
attained at 10% inclusion in mix V
 28 days - This observation is in line with the report of an investigation conducted by on the
engineering properties of fly ash modified fiber reinforced concrete with the 10% dosage of the fly
ash producing the highest flexural and compressive strength performance.
Fig. 1. Modulus of rupture of cement composites.
 Modulus of elasticity

 At 10% WBA content and BF reinforcement in Mix V, the optimum strength was
achieved.
 The presence of BF in the matrix improved the ductility and toughness of the fiber
reinforced composites
 The polymer modification of cementitious matrices helps in controlling cracks
Fig. 2 Modulus of elasticity of cement
composites.
 Split tensile strength

 Split tensile strength reduced appreciably with increasing WBA content at the given BF
content.
 The concrete mixes reduced as the percentage of the wood waste ash was increased after
7 and 28 days curing
 The more WBA was added, so, many unreacted ash particles were developed.
Fig. 3 Split tensile strength of fiber reinforced
cement composites.
 Thermal conductivity

 The presence of natural fibers in cement composites has been stated to be a major factor
for low thermal conductivity (TC) because it causes the disruption of the mineral
structure of the cement mortars.
 The table showed that the least value belongs to mix V (0.620 W/mK) with the least
cement replacement (10% WBA) while the highest TC was obtained from composition
with highest cement replacement (25% WBA) at 0.628 W/mK.
 This meant that the higher the cement proportion, the higher the TC of the composite
material
 So, the composite materials could be classified as good insulators because of the lower
thermal conductivity results when compared with that of concrete
Compositions Thermal Conductivity (W/mK)

W 0.627

V 0.620

Y 0.628

X 0.624

Concrete 1.91

Table 1. Thermal conductivity of cement composites.

SOLUTION
INDUSTRIAL WASTE (CERAMIC WASTE POWDER )
 Workability retention of fresh concrete

 Workability retention defines the time available for easy handling the mixture.
 It was concluded from the slump retention results of the 25 MPa and 50 MPa concrete
mixtures that, the retention time increased due to the inclusion of CWP.
 This could be due to the fact that CWP had no hydraulic reaction and its pozzolanic
reaction was slow which resulted in the availability of water in the mixtures
 The effect of using different CWP replacement levels on the admixture dosage needs
further investigations to better understand the behavior of the fresh mixtures including
CWP and admixture
Fig.4 Time to zero slump for CWP mixtures.
 Compressive strength

 The test results ranged from 0.4% to 4.8% for the 25 MPa mixtures , from 0.5% to 3.7%
for the 50 MPa mixtures and from 0.3% to 2.3% for the 75 MPa mixtures.
 7 days - The incorporation of CWP did not show significant improvement in the
compressive strength.
 28 days - compressive strength of the 25 MPa CWP mixtures with CWP up to 20% were
slightly higher than that of the control mixture
 Drying shrinkage

 The 25 MPa mixtures results ranged from 21% to 26% , from 20% to 24% for the
50 MPa mixtures and 21% to 25% for the 75 MPa mixtures.
 the trend of the drying shrinkage strain values decreased with the increase in CWP
replacement level for all mixtures
 10% and 20% CWP did not differ significantly from that of the control mixtures.
 for the 25 MPa mixtures, using CWP with replacement levels more than 20% reduced the
drying shrinkage strain between 29% and 60% compared to the control mixture
 For the 75 MPa mixtures, the reduction in the drying shrinkage strain was between 25%
and 27%.
Mixture I.D. Drying shrinkage Mixture I.D. Drying shrinkage Mixture I.D. Drying shrinkage
strain strain strain

M25–0 2608 M50–0 2569 M75–0 2567

M25–10 2488 M50–10 2222 M75–10 2265

M25–20 2817 M50–20 2413 M75–20 2808

M25–30 1033 M50–30 1199 M75–30 1930

M25–40 1859 M50–40 1848 M75–40 1869