Human Anatomy

(An Orientation)

Dr. Tanveer Ahmed Khan

Lecturer in Pharmacology
Rashid Latif College of Pharmacy
Anatomy: Physiology:
• Study of the structure of • Study of the body’s
body parts function
• Gross- large body structures
• Cardiovascular
• Regional- all parts in
– a specific region
• Renal
• Developmental- structural • Reproductive
– changes over a life time • Neurophysiology
• Embryology- developmental
– changes that occur before
birth
carbon DNA
atom molecule organelle

cell

tissue

organism

organ
system
organ
 Classification of Anatomical Studies

By Regions By Systems
• Head & Neck • Discussed below
• Back
• Pectoral Girdle & Upper
Limb
• Thorax
• Abdomen & Pelvis
• Pelvic Girdle & Lower Limb
 Hair

Nails
Skin

Integumentary System
Forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury.
Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.)receptors and sweat
and oil glands.
 Bones

Joint

Skeletal System
Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to
cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals.
 Skeletal
muscles

Muscular System
Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Main-
tains posture, and produces heat.
 Brain

Nerves
Spinal
cord

Nervous System
As the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external
changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.
 Pineal gland

Pituitary
Thyroid gland
gland

Thymus

Adrenal
gland
Pancreas

Testis

Ovary

Endocrine System
Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction,
and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.
 Heart

Blood
vessels

Cardiovascular System
Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes,
etc. The heart pumps blood.
 Red bone
marrow
Thymus

Lymphatic
vessels
Thoracic
duct

Spleen

Lymph
nodes

Lymphatic System/Immunity
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic
stream. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the
attack against foreign substances within the body.
 Nasal
cavity
Pharynx

Larynx Bronchus
Trachea

Lung

Respiratory System
Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.
The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.
 Oral cavity
Esophagus

Liver
Stomach
Small
intestine

Large Rectum
intestine
Anus

Digestive System
Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body
cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.
 Kidney

Ureter

Urinary
bladder
Urethra

Urinary System
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-
base balance of the blood.
 Mammary
glands (in
breasts)

Prostate
gland

Ovary
Penis
Testis Ductus
deferens Uterine
Scrotum Uterus
tube
Vagina

Male Reproductive System Female Reproductive System

Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and
glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones.
The remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus.
Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn.
 Planes of Body
• Fixed lines of reference along which the body
is often divided or sectioned
• Allows for a three-dimensional perspective
Coronal/Sagittal/Transverse Planes
• Coronal Plane (Frontal
Plane)
• Sagittal Plane (Lateral
Plane, also called medial
plane)
• Transverse Plane (Axial
Plane)
 Coronal Plane
• aka Frontal Plane
• Vertical plane running
from side to side
• Divides the body or any of
its parts into anterior and
posterior portions
 Sagittal Plane
• aka Lateral Plane
• vertical plane running
from front to back
• Divides the body or any of
its parts into right and left
sides
 Transverse Plane
• aka Axial Plane
• Horizontal plane
• Divides the body or any of
its parts into upper and
lower parts
Anatomical Directions to the Body
• Arms down by side
• Palms up
• Head and eyes
forward
• Legs parallel, feet
together
Anterior/Posterior
• Anterior—to be situated
near or toward the front
of the body
• Posterior--to be situated
toward the back of the
body
 Superior/Inferior
Cranial/Caudal
• Superior—means to be situated toward the
upper part or head of the body, positioned
above another organ or structure
• Inferior—to be situated toward the lower part
of the body or positioned below another
organ or structure
• Cranial/Cephalic—refers to the head end
• Caudal—refers to the tail end
 Medial/Lateral
• Medial—to be closer to
the midline of the body or
a structure, being internal
as opposed to external
• Lateral—to be farther
away, in the direction of
either side, from the
midline of the body or a
structure
 Proximal/Distal
• Proximal: Toward or • Distal: Away from or
nearest the trunk or the farthest from the trunk
point of origin of a part or the point of origin of
a part
 Unilateral/Bilateral
• Unilateral—on one side
• Bilateral—on both sides
 Acute/Chronic
• Acute—symptoms appear and change/worsen
rapidly (heart attack)
• Chronic—develops and worsens over an
extended period of time (atherosclerosis)
 Ipsilateral/Contralateral
• Ipsilateral—on the same side as another
structure
– i.e. the left arm is ipsilateral to the left leg.
• Contralateral—on the opposite from another
structure
– i.e. the left arm is contralateral to the right arm,
or the right leg.
 Superficial/Intermediate/Deep
• Superficial—near the outer surface of the body
– i.e. skin is superficial to the muscle layer
• Intermediate—between two other structures
– i.e. the naval is intermediate to (or intermediate between) the
left arm and the contralateral (right) leg.
• Deep—further away from the surface of the body
– i.e. the muscular layer is deep to the skin, but superficial to the
intestines.
 Avascular
• Without blood
circulation
 Ectopic
• Occurring in an abnormal
position or place
Flexion/Extension
 Abduction/Adduction
• Abduction—moving a body part away from
midline
• Adduction—moving a body part toward the
midline
Abduction/Adduction
 Internal/External Rotation
• Internal rotation—
rotation towards the
center of the body
– aka medial rotation
• External rotation—
rotation away the center
of the body
– aka lateral rotation
Internal/External Rotation
Hand: Dorsal/Plamar
Foot: Dorsal/Plantar
Plantar Flexion/Dorsiflexion
Body Cavities
• Thoracic Cavity
• Abdominal and Pelvic
Cavity
• Dorsal Cavity
Thoracic Cavity
• Upper ventral, thoracic or
chest cavity
• Contains:
– Heart
– Lungs
– Trachea
– Esophagus
– Large blood vessels
– Nerves
• Bound laterally by ribs and the
diaphragm caudally
Dorsal Cavity
• Smaller of two main
cavities
• Upper portion:
– Cranial cavity
– Brain
• Lower portion:
– Vertebral canal house
spinal cord
Abdominopelvic Cavity
• Lower part of ventral
cavity
• Abdominal:
– Gastrointestinal tract
– Kidneys
– Adrenal glands
• Pelvic:
– Urogenital system
– Rectum
 REGIONS
• Abdominal cavity is divided into
nine regions

• Regions are used to describe the

location of the organ, injury or
pain
 Epigastric

• Upper, center area

above the stomach
Umbilical

• The region surrounding the

umbilicus
 Hypogastric

• Area just below the umbilical

region
 Hypochondriac

• Just below the ribs, immediately over

the abdomen
• On either side of the epigastric region
• A left and a right side
Lumbar

• Near the waist

• On either side of the umbilical
region
• A left and a right side
Iliac or Inguinal

• Located near the upper

portion of the hipbone
• On either side of the
hypogastric region
• A left and a right side
 Quadrants
• A simpler way to divide
the abdominal cavity is
into QUADRANTS
Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)

• On the right anterior side

– Contains part of the liver,
the gallbladder, parts of the
pancreas and intestinal
tract
 Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
• On the right anterior side
– Contains the appendix, parts of
the intestines, female
reproductive organs and the
urinary tract
Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)

• On the left anterior side

– Contains the stomach,
spleen, and parts of the liver,
pancreas and intestines
 Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

• On the left anterior side

– Contains parts of the intestines,
reproductive organs of the
female and the urinary tract
• Organs surrounded by double layer
membrane called serosa or serous
membrane
• Composed mostly of simple squamous
epithelia and a little connective tissue
• Filled with serous fluid- function reduce
friction
• Parietal (outer) vs Visceral (inner)-- both
secrete serous fluid
 Pericardial membrane

Parietal pericardium

Serous fluid

Visceral pericardium
 Pleural membrane

Parietal
pleura

Visceral
pleura

Serous fluid
 Peritoneal membrane

Parietal peritoneum

Visceral peritoneum

Peritoneal cavity
 Nasal cavity

mouth
esophagus

bronchi

stomach
Synovial
membrane
Joint cavity
(containing synovial fluid)