Thermodynamics

1st Law of Thermodynamics

The Copperbelt University

Dr. L Siwale
 ZEROTH LAW
• Zeroth law states that when two bodies have
equality of temperature with a third body
,they in turn have equality temperature with
each other.
• This defines the temperature scale.
 First law of thermodynamics
• Law of the conservation of energy.
• Application in a control mass (closed system)
ᶴ δq= ᶴ δw
As applied in an open system (control volume)
Δe= ᶴ δq- ᶴ δw
Note that energy change of the system Δe
depends on the states at the start,1 and end
2, of the process or cycle
 Learning Outcomes
►Apply closed system energy balances,
observing sign conventions for work and heat
transfer.
►Conduct energy analyses of components
undergoing thermodynamic processes.
 Closed System Energy Balance
►Energy is an extensive property that includes
the internal energy, ΔU the kinetic energy, ΔKE
and the gravitational potential energy, ΔPE.
►For closed systems, energy is transferred in and
out across the system boundary by two means
only: by work and by heat.
►Energy is conserved. This is the first law of
thermodynamics.
 Closed System Energy Balance
►The energy concepts introduced thus far are
summarized in words as follows:
change in the amount net amount of energy net amount of energy
of energy contained transferred in across transferred out across
within a system the system boundary by the system boundary
during some time heat transfer during by work during the
interval the time interval time interval

►Using previously defined symbols, this can be

expressed as: E22-E
–E 1 =
1 = QQ– –WW (Eq. 2.35a)

►Alternatively, KE + PE + U = Q – W (Eq. 2.35b)

In Eqs. 2.35, a minus sign appears before W because energy
transfer by work from the system to the surrounding is taken as
positive.
 Change in Energy of a System
►The changes in energy of a system from state 1 to
state 2 consist of internal, kinetic and potential energy
changes.
E2 – E1 = (U2 – U1) + (KE2 – KE1) + (PE2 – PE1) (Eq. 2.27a)
E = U + KE + PE (Eq. 2.27b)
►Energy at state 1 or state 2 or any other state is
defined in reference to a standard state.
►Definition of energy at all states must have
identical standard base state.
►Changes in the energy of a system between
states, defined with identical standard state
have significance.
 Closed System Transient Energy Balance
►The time rate form of the closed system energy
balance is
dE  
 Q W (Eq. 2.37)
dt

►The rate form expressed in words is

time rate of change net rate at which net rate at which
of the energy energy is being energy is being
contained within transferred in transferred out
the system at by heat transfer by work at
time t at time t time t
 Closed System Transient Energy Balance
dE dKE dPE dU Time rate of change of energy
   contains kinetic, potential and
dt dt dt dt internal energy

dKE dPE dU   time rate form of

   Q W the energy balance
dt dt dt

time rate of change of net rate at which

net rate at which
the energy contained energy is being
energy enters via heat
within the system at transferred by work
transfer at time t
time t at time t

9
9
 Example Problem
Imagine a party at a college location as sketched below. Bob goes to the refrigerator door to get
a soda…

Music
speakers Well
insulated
A/C party
Vent room
TV
 

Electrical
supply
cable
 

Refrigerator Door
(fridge) door open
locked
 Example 1
An electric generator coupled to a Given
windmill produces an average W = -15 kW
power of 15 kW. The power is used Q = -1.8 kW
to charge a storage battery. Heat Δt = 8 h
transfer from the battery to the
surroundings occurs at a constant Assumptions
rate of 1.8 kW. For 8 h of The battery is a closed system.
operation, determine the total The work and heat transfer rates
amount of energy stored in the are constant.
battery, in kJ.

Find: ΔE in kJ?
System

W = ?15 kW

storage Q = ?1.8 kW
battery
Δt = 8 h
11
11
 Example 1
Basic Equations
1 kJ s 3600s
E  Q  W W  W t    15kW  8h 
1kW 1h
Q  tt 2 Q dt Q  Q t
W  4.32  105 kJ
1

W  tt 2 W dt W  W t
1
E  51,800   4.32 105   3.8 105 kJ
Solution
1 kJ s 3600s
Q  Qt    1.8kW  8h 

1kW 1h
Q  51,800kJ
24
24
 Example 2
An electric motor draws a current of Sketch
10 amp with a voltage of 110 V.
The output shaft develops a I = 10 amp
+ τ = 10.2 N-m
motor
torque of 10.2 N-m and a V = 110 V
- ω = 1000 RPM
rotational speed of 1000 RPM.
For operation at steady state,
determine for the motor, each in Given
kW. I = 10 amp
the electric power required. V = 110 V
the power developed by the output τ = 10.2 N-m
shaft. ω = 1000 RPM
the rate of heat transfer. • Assumptions
– The motor is a closed system.
• Find – The system is at steady state.
– Welectric in kW? • Basic Equations
– Wshaft in kW? W shaft  
dE  
– Q in kW?  Q W
dt
W electric  I
25
 Example 2
• Given • Basic Equations
– I = 10 amp dE  
 Q W W electric  VI W shaft  
– V = 110 V dt
– τ = 10.2 N-m
– ω = 1000 RPM
• Solution
1Watt amp 1kW
W electric  110V 10amp 

1volt 103W
Welectric  1.1kW
• Find
– Welectric in kW?  rev  2 rad 1 min 1kW
W shaft  10.2 N  m 1000 
– Wshaft in kW?  min  rev 60s 103 N  m s
– Q in kW? W shaft  1.07kW
0
dE  
 Q W Q  W
• Sketch dt
+ Q  W electric  W shaft
I = 10 amp motor τ = 10.2 N-m
V = 110 V
- ω = 1000 RPM Q  1.1kW  1.07kW
Q  0.03kW
26
 Example 3
A gas within a piston-cylinder assembly (undergoes a
thermodynamic cycle consisting of) three processes:
– Process 1-2: Constant volume, V = 0.028 m3, U2 – U1 = 26.4 kJ.
– Process 2-3: Expansion with pV = constant, U3 = U2.
– Process 3-1: Constant pressure, p = 1.4 bar, W31 = -10.5 kJ.

There are no significant changes in kinetic or potential

energy.
1. Sketch the cycle on a p-V diagram.
2. Calculate the net work for the cycle, in kJ.
3. Calculate the heat transfer for process 2-3, in kJ.
4. Calculate the heat transfer for process 3-1, in kJ.

27
 Example 3
• Find • Assumptions
– p-V diagram – The gas is the closed system.
– Wnet = ? in kJ – For the system, ΔKE = ΔPE
– Q23 = ? in kJ = 0.
– Q31 = ? in kJ – Volume change is the only
work mode.
• System gas
• Basic Equations
• Given E  Q  W
– 1-2: V = 0.028 m3, U2 – U1 =
26.4 kJ E  KE  PE  U
– 2-3: pV = constant, U3 = U2
– 3-1: p = 1.4 bar, W31 = -10.5 kJ 2
W  pd 
1

28
 Example 3

• Solution
1-2: Constant Volume Heat Addition
P, atm 2
2-3: Isothermal Expansion, Heat added to
maintain T in spite of Expansion.
3-1: Constant Pressure Heat Rejection and
“exhaust,” leading to volume
reduction work is put into the system
1 3
V, m3
0

Wcycle  W12  W23  W31 W12  VV2 pdV W12  0

1

c
W23  VV3 pdV p V3 c V3 dV V
W23   dV  c 
V
V  c ln V V3  p3V3 ln 3
2 V2 V V2 V 2
V2
W

W31  VV1 pdV  p V1  V3  V3  V1  31
3 p
29
 Example 3

 10.5kJ
3 1bar 103 N  m
V3  0.028m  V3  0.103m3
1.4bar 105 N m 2 1kJ

V3 105 N m 2 0.103m3 1kJ

W23  p3 V3 ln
V2
 1.4bar
1bar
 0.103m  ln 0.028m3 103 N  m  18.78kJ
3

Wcycle  W12  W23  W31 Wcycle  0  18.78   10.5   kJ Wcycle  8.28kJ
0
0 0
KE  PE  U  Q23  W23 Q23  W23 Q23  18.78kJ
Q31  U1  U 3   W31
0 0
KE  PE  U  Q31  W31
0
U 2  U1   U 3  U 2   U1  U 3   0 U1  U 3   U 2  U1  U1  U 3  26.4kJ

Q31  26.4kJ   10.5kJ   36.9kJ

30
 Cycle Analysis, Efficiency and
Coefficient of Performance
►When a working substance returns to the original state in a
cyclic manner while accepting and rejecting heat from two
reservoirs and delivering net work in the process, we have an
engine cycle.

►When a working substance returns to the original state in a

cyclic manner while accepting heat from a low temperature
reservoir and delivering heat to a high temperature reservoir
we have a refrigerator or a heat pump cycle.

►If the cold reservoir substance is the useful substance then

it is a refrigerator if the hot reservoir contains the useful
substance then we have a heat pump.
 Return to Example 3
1-2: Constant Volume Heat addition
2-3: Isothermal Expansion, Heat added to
maintain T in spite of Expansion.
P, atm 2 3-1: Constant Pressure Heat Rejection and
“exhaust,” leading to volume
reduction work is put into the system
Wcycle  W12  W23  W31
1
3 Qcycle  Q12  Q 23  Q31
V, m3 First Law of Thermodynamics or
Wcycle  0  18.78   10.5    8.28 kJ Conservation of Energy is satisfied.

Qcycle   26.4  18.78  (36.9)   8.28 kJ For this cycle 1-2 and 2-3 are the heat
addition processes and the customer
E  QCycle  WCycle  0 Pays for the fuel that leads to this heat.

Wcycle Qin  Qout Qout 8.28(100)

   1   18.33%
Qin Qin Qin (26.4  18.78)
32
 Flip the Engine to make it a Heating/Cooling Device
3-1: Constant Volume Heat Rejection
2-3: Isothermal Compression, Heat removed to
maintain T in spite of Compression.
P, atm 3 1-2: Constant Pressure Heat Extraction from
cold space leading to expansion of
working substance.
Wcycle  W12  W23  W31
Qcycle  Q12  Q 23  Q31
1 2
V, m3 First Law of Thermodynamics or
Wcycle  0  18.78   10.5    8.28 kJ Conservation of Energy is satisfied.
Q cycle   26.4  18.78  36.9   8.28 kJ
E  QCycle  WCycle  0 QHT QLT  Wcycle (26.4  18.78)
COPHeating     5.46
Wcycle Wcycle 8.28
Q LT Q HT  Wcycle 36.9
COPCooling     4.46
Wcycle Wcycle 8.28
33