DIRECTIONS OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE

EUROPEA
N
COUNTRIE
S
COUNTRY TOP EXPORT PARTNERS TOP IMPORT PARTNERS
GERMANY USA , FRANCE CHINA, NETHERLANDS
FRANCE GERMANY, BELGIUM GERMANY, CHINA
ITALY GERMANY, FRANCE GERMANY, FRANCE
UK USA, GERMANY GERMANY, CHINA
BELGIUM GERMANY, NETHERLANDS NETHERLANDS, GERMANY

Trading
SPAIN FRANCE, GERMANY GERMANY, FRANCE
SWITZERLAND GERMANY, USA GERMANY, USA
NETHERLANDS GERMANY, BELGIUM GERMANY, BELGIUM

Partners
IRELAND USA, UK UK, USA
POLAND GERMANY, UK GERMANY, CHINA
FINLAND GERMANY, SWEDEN GERMANY, RUSSIA
PORTUGAL SPAIN, FRANCE SPAIN, GERMANY
NORWAY UK, GERMANY SWEDEN, GERMANY
DENMARK GERMANY, SWEDEN GERMANY, SWEDEN
BULGARIA GERMANY, TURKEY GERMANY, RUSSIA
UKRAINE RUSSIA, POLAND RUSSIA,CHINA
 Name of Largest Other Exporting Qty Net Export
Exporter Importer Importers Rank in its (% of total Value
Country Country Export exports )
Portfolio

Italy USA France, 2nd 3.8% $18.5 B

Germany

CAR – Germany USA China, UK 1st 12% $158 B

EXPORTED UK USA China,

Germany
1st 11% $45.5 B

PRODUCT France Belgium Italy,

Germany
3rd 4.7% $24.1 B

Belgium UK Germany, 1st 6.7% $23.2 B

Sweden

Spain Germany France, UK 1st 12% $36.4 B

KEY
Italy

Germany
UK

SPAIN
France
PACKAGED MEDICAMENTS –
EXPORTED PRODUCT

Name of Exporter Largest Importer Other Importers Exporting Rank Qty Net Export Value
Country Country in its Export (% of total
Portfolio exports )

Italy Belgium USA, Germany 3rd 4.5% $15.1 B

Germany USA Switzerland, UK 3rd 3.8% $50.6 B
Ireland USA Belgium 1st 17% $27.5 B
France USA Italy, Germany, 2nd 2.8% $24.6 B
Japan
Belgium Italy UK, USA 4th 4.6% $15.8 B
Switzerland USA China, Japan 2nd 12% $35.6 B
KEY

Italy

Germany
Ireland

France
GERMANY AND FRANCE

Name of Product Sector Largest Other Qty Net Major Import

Exporter Importer Importers (% of total Export
Country Country exports ) Value

Germany Vehicle Transportation China USA, UK, 4.8% $64 B Cars, Vehicle Parts,
Parts Spain Crude Oil
France Plane etc Transportation Germany China, USA 9.4% $48 B Cars, Crude Oil

France Wine Food Product USA USA, UK, 2.1% $10 B Package
CHINA Medicaments
KEY
Vehicle parts
(G)

Wine (F)

Planes etc (F)

ITALY AND UK

Name of Product Sector Largest Other Qty Net Export Major Import
Exporter Importer Importers (% of total Value
Country Country exports )

Italy Refined Mineral Product Spain Libya, 2.8% $13.7 B Cars, Crude Oil
Petrol Lebanon
UK Gas Machine UAE France, 3.7% $14.6 B Cars, Gold,
Turbine Hong Kong Broadcast
Equipment
UK Gold Jewellery SWISS Hong kong , 4.1% $16.1 B Package
(79%) UAE Medicaments
KE
Y Refined
Petrol (I)

Gas
Turbines
(UK)
Gold(UK)
BELGIUM AND SPAIN – Both mineral products

Name of Product Sector Largest Other Qty Net Major Import

Exporter Importer Importers (% of total Export
Country Country exports ) Value

Belgium Diamonds Jewelry India USA, UAE 5% $17.3 B Cars, Refined Oil
Belgium Refined Mineral Netherlands USA, 6.3% $21.7 B Package
Petrol Product Germany Medicaments
Spain Machine Machine France UK, 3% $9 B Package
Parts Portugal Medicaments
Spain Refined Mineral USA Morocco 3.6% $10.8 B Crude Petrol, Cars
Petrol Product
KEY
Refined
Petrol (B)
Diamonds
(B)
Refined
Petroleum
(S)
Machine
Parts (S)
Switzerland And Netherlands

Name of Product Sector Largest Other Qty Net Major Import

Exporter Importer Importers (% of total Export
Country Country exports ) Value

Switzerland Gold Jewelry India China, Hong 25% $70.3 B Gold

Kong
Switzerland Metal Watch Instruments USA USA, 4.6% $13.2 B Package Medicaments
China
Netherland Broadcast Machine UK Italy, Germany 3.3% $15.1 B Broadcast Equipment
Equipment

Netherland Refined Petrol Mineral Germany UK, Germany 8.1% $37.2 B Crude Petrol, Refined
Product Petrol
KEY

Gold (SZ)
Metal Watch
(SZ)
Broadcast
Eq. (N)
Refined
Petrol (N)
IRELAND AND POLAND - Specialised

Name of Product Sector Largest Other Qty Net Export Major Import
Exporter Importer Importers (% of total Value
Country Country exports )

Ireland Chemical Chemicals USA UK 41.6% $66.4 B Planes etc,

Products Computers
Poland Vehicle Machine, Germany Belgium 10.7% $22.77 B Cars, Vehicles,
Parts, Transport and Machine, Crude
Video Miscellaneous Petrol
Display,
Seats
KEY

Vehicle Parts,
Video
Display, Seats
(Po)
Chemical
Products (Ire)
FINLAND AND PORTUGAL – DIFFERENT
PRODUCTS

Name of Product Sector Largest Other Qty Net Major Import

Exporter Importer Importers (% of total Export
Country Country exports ) Value

Finland Koalin Coated Paper Product Germany USA, 6.6% $4.69 B Crude
Paper Belgium Petroleum
Finland Sawn Wood, Stainless Wood Product and Germany,
Steel
Netherlands, 7.3% $5.06 B Cars
Metal Japan, Egypt
China
Portugal Leather Footwear Footwear Germany France 3.5% $2.05 B Crude
Petroleum
Portugal Rubber Tyres Rubber & Germany USA 2% $1.07 B Cars
Plastic
KE
Y
Koalin Coated
Paper (Fi)
Sawn Wood (Fi)
Stainless Steel
(Fi)
Rubber Tire (P)
Leather Footwear
(P)
NORWAY AND DENMARK – ANIMAL
PRODUCT

Name of Product Sector Largest Other Qty Net Major Import

Exporter Importer Importers (% of total Export
Country Country exports ) Value

Norway Crude Mineral Product UK Germany 52% $55.8 B Cars, Iron

Petrol Structures
Norway Non-fillet Animal Product Poland Sweden, 8% $5.61B Refined Petrol,
Fish Japan Broadcast
Equipment
Denmark Pig Meat Animal Product Germany Japan, UK 3.4% $2.79 B Cars, Machines
KEY
Crude Petrol &
petrol Gas
(No)
Non-Fillet &
Fillet
Fish (No)
Pig Meat (De)
BULGARIA AND UKRAINE – VEGETABLE
PRODUCT

Name of Product Sector Largest Other Qty Net Major Import

Exporter Importer Importers (% of total Export
Country Country exports ) Value

Bulgaria Wheat Vegetable Product Spain Greece, 2.8% $0.871 B Crude

Sudan Petroleum
Bulgaria Refined Mineral Product Turkey Egypt, 6.6% $2.04 B Copper Ore
Petrol Tunisia
Ukraine Wheat, Corn Vegetable Product Egypt Israel 12.7% $5.9 B Refined
Petroleum
Ukraine Oil Seeds Animal & Vegetable Bi- India China 9.4% $4.34 B Cars
Product
KEY

Wheat (Bu)
Refined
Petrol (Bu)
Wheat, Corn
(Ukr)
Oil Seeds
(Ukr)
Country Name in Africa Trading Country Import/Export Commodity
Botswana South Africa import  pearl and precious stones
Botswana Belgium and India export cultured pearl and precious stones
Ethiopia China import machinery and mechanical appliances
Ethiopia Kenya export coffee, tea
South Africa Turkey import  mineral fuels and oils
South Africa Mauritius export natural pearls and precious stones
Ghana China import vehicles
Ghana India export pearls and precious stones
Kenya USA import  machinery and mechanical appliances
Uganda Kenya import oil
Uganda Sudan export coffee, tea
South Sudan Uganda import  raw sugar
South Sudan China, India export crude petroleum
 OVER 20% OF GLOBAL TEA EXPORTS

KENYA: 3RD LARGEST TEA EXPORTER IN THE WORLD

TEA AFRICA TEA IMPORTS: 43% FROM CHINA, 40% FROM

WITHIN AFRICA AND REST FROM INDIA AND SRILANKA

Major importers of Kenyan tea: Pakistan, UK, Egypt,

UAE, Russia

Major competition: India

 WEST AFRICA SUPPLIES 2/3RD OF WORLD’S COCOA
CROP

IVORY COAST: 1.8 MILLION TONNES (1/3rd of world

production)

COCOA GHANA, NIGERIA, CAMEROON, TOGO: 1.55 MILLION

TONNES

Major importing countries: USA, Germany, Belgium

Major competition: Europe

 EGYPTIAN COTTON BEDSHEETS: CONSIDERED MOST
LUXURIOUS IN THE WORLD

12 LEADING COTTON PRODUCING COUNTRIES IN

AFRICA: 8 IN WEST AFRICA AND REST- SOUTH STRIP
STRETCHING FROM NILE VALLEY TO SOUTH AFRICA

COTTON
Although cotton production in Africa is not significant
on a global scale, a large number of African countries
remain heavily dependent on cotton. (60% of forex
earnings in Benin)

Major competition: USA

 LARGEST MINERAL INDUSTRY IN THE WORLD

75% OF SA’s GOLD MINES AND TWO THIRDS OF ITS PLATINUM MINES ARE
UNPROFITABLE (resources are falling and increased depth of mining)

SA: World’s 3rd largest coal exporter (77% of SA energy needs are provided by
coal)

MINERALS Cape town has rich deposits of diamond

SA GOLD RESERVES: 6000 TONNES(MORE THAN 10% OF WORLD TOTAL)

SA PLATINUM RESERVES: 63000 TONNES(MORE THAN 90% OF WORLD’S

TOTAL)

China imports majority of minerals from Africa

 ETHIOPIA, AFRICA’S TOP COFFEE
PRODUCER, EXPECTED TO EXPORT
4 MILLION 60 KG BAGS OF COFFEE

Ethiopia, Cote d'Ivoire, Uganda,

COFFEE Kenya, Rwanda, and Tanzania-
COFFEE PRODUCERS IN AFRICA

Major competition: Brazil and Latin

America
OIL AND
NATURAL
GAS Countries producing: ALGERIA, ANGOLA,
EGYPT, GHANA, MOZAMBIQUE, NIGERIA,
SOUTH AFRICA
Major importer: China
Africa’s resource-rich nations
are getting even more reliant
on China for their exports
Major imports made by Africa
Machinery and equipment

Petroleum products

Scientific instruments

Foodstuffs

Countries from which it imports: China, Germany, Japan

The African Continental
Free Trade Agreement
COUNTRY IN ASIA PRODUCT

SOUTH EAST ASIA (11 Countries) Oil and Gas

MONGOLIA Copper Mining

INDONESIA Natural Gas, Coal

PAKISTAN, NEPAL, BANGLADESH Cotton textiles

MYANMAR Wood

NORTH KOREA Minerals

SOUTH KOREA, THAILAND, MALAYSIA, Semi conductors and electronic

PHILLIPINES equipment
BHUTAN Cement
 z
INDIA

 India exports approximately 7500 commodities to about 190 countries,

and imports around 6000 commodities from 140 countries. India
exported US$331.0 billion and imported $507.4 billion worth of
commodities in 2018-2019.

 India as of now has 42 trade agreements including:

Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement

India Sri Lanka FTA

India Thailand FTA

EXPORTS
IMPORTS
 z

 UNITED STATES

EXPORTS - $54.3bn - diamonds(11 bn),pharmaceuticals(6.3 bn),machinery(3.3 bn)

IMPORTS - $33.5bn - mineral fuels(6.7 bn), aircraft (2.9 bn), machinery (2.2 bn), and organic chemicals (1.6
bn)

 UAE – Export (precious Stones)

 CHINA – Export (Iron & Steel , Plastic)

 SAUDI ARABIA – IMPORTS – OIL(1.8 bn)

 MINERAL FUELS AND OILS – South East Asia

 PEARLS AND PRECIOUS STONES - India

 MACHINERY - China
z
CHINA

 China exported US $2212 billion and imported $1834 billion

worth of commodities in 2018-2019.
 US CHINA Trade War
President Donald Trump in 2018 began setting tariffs and trade
barriers on China with the goal of forcing it to make changes to
what the U.S. says are "unfair trade practices“.
 China maintains 16 Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) with its
trade and investment partners, and is negotiating or
implementing an additional eight FTAs.
z
IMPORTS (TOP 5) EXPORTS
z

Imports

Exports
z

Free Trade Agreements

That helped Individual nations to grow.

REGIONAL COMPREHENSIVE ECONOMIC
PARTNERSHIP
 The Regional Comprehensive Economic
Partnership (RCEP) is a proposed free trade
agreement in the Asia-Pacific region between the ten
member states of the Association of South East
Nations and their five FTA partners.
 z

 RCEP potentially includes more than 3 billion people or 45% of the world's
population, and a combined GDP of about $21.3 trillion, accounting for about 40
percent of world trade. India's decision to not join RCEP reduced the impact of
RCEP.

 RCEP aims to create an integrated market with 16 countries, making it easier for
products and services of each of these countries to be available across this region.

 The negotiations are focused on the following: Trade in goods and services,
investment, intellectual property, dispute settlement, e-commerce, small and
medium enterprises, and economic cooperation.
 ASEAN

 The Association of
Southeast Asian Nations
comprises of ten countries
in Southeast Asia and
promotes intergovernmental
cooperation and facilitates
economic, political, security,
military, educational, and
sociocultural integration
among its members and
other countries in Asia.
 z

 The ASEAN FTA includes a Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT) to

promote the free flow of goods between member states.

 The aim is to create a single market and production base, a competitive

economic region, a region of equitable economic development, and a region
that is fully integrated into the global economy.

 ASEAN countries have gradually lowered their import duties to member states,
with a target of zero import duties which has helped all the individual nations to
grow.
 Export (US$ Import (US$ Export Product Share Import Product Share

SOUTH
Product Group Thousand) Thousand) (%) (%)

Capital goods $38,79,15,491.70 $24,85,50,209.54 36.55 24.68

AMERICA
Consumer goods $34,14,66,390.39 $22,67,39,083.36 32.17 22.52

Intermediate goods $22,79,98,102.70 $19,50,07,652.94 21.48 19.37

TRADE DATA
Raw materials $6,59,74,971.56 $31,58,37,923.65 6.22 31.37

Animal $1,73,47,398.71 $3,58,66,651.07 1.63 3.56

Chemicals $11,67,58,511.47 $3,88,94,966.15 11 3.86

Food Products $3,39,99,337.22 $6,79,85,958.21 3.2 6.75

Footwear $56,96,299.01 $25,96,732.92 0.54 0.26

Fuels $11,03,31,492.07 $11,57,20,927.30 10.39 11.49

Hides and Skins $41,45,191.73 $41,79,275.77 0.39 0.41

Mach and Elec $28,95,49,089.98 $17,15,27,351.57 27.28 17.03

Metals $7,22,55,231.76 $5,91,40,406.09 6.81 5.87

Minerals $61,30,639.43 $7,99,13,694.21 0.58 7.94

Miscellaneous $8,05,61,661.39 $6,50,63,088.34 7.59 6.46

Plastic or Rubber $6,22,93,891.90 $2,29,03,149.09 5.87 2.27

Stone and Glass $1,39,76,711.71 $3,54,84,923.65 1.32 3.52

Textiles and
Clothing $3,89,13,220.69 $2,31,05,737.72 3.67 2.29

Transportation $15,00,37,377.15 $14,01,34,579.45 14.14 13.92

Vegetable $3,57,80,313.36 $11,76,10,063.23 3.37 11.68

Wood $2,36,49,331.19 $2,68,16,157.35 2.23 2.66

 TOP 5 SOUTH
AMERICAN IMPORTERS
AND EXPORTERS
ARGENTINA –IMPORTS
AND EXPORTS
BRAZIL-IMPORTS AND
EXPORTS
Mercosur: South America’s
Fractious Trade Bloc

• Mercosur is an economic and political bloc comprising Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and
Venezuela
• Mercosur was created in 1991 when Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay signed the 
Treaty of Asuncion
• Venezuela joined Mercosur’s four founding countries as a full member in 2012, but was suspended in
late 2016
• Today, the four have a combined gross domestic product (GDP) of roughly $3.4 trillion
• Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, and Suriname are associate members. They receive
tariff reductions when trading with the full members but do not enjoy full voting rights or free access to
their markets
South American trade bloc signs
'historic' trade deal with EU

• The two blocs began negotiating in 2000

• Europe has its eyes on increasing access for companies that make industrial products
- notably cars, for which tariffs are 35 percent - and allowing them to compete for
public tenders. Mercosur aims to increase exports of beef, sugar, poultry and other
farm products
• Brazil said the agreement would eliminate import tariffs for several farm products -
including orange juice, instant coffee and fruit - and give greater access through
quotas for meat, sugar and ethanol, boosting the economy and increasing investment
in the country for the next 15 years
 Export (US$ Import (US$ Export Product Import Product
Product Group Thousand) Thousand) Share (%) Share (%)
Capital goods $30,38,18,008.27 $3,49,76,279.59 30.39 4.39
Consumer goods $37,15,70,792.00 $19,53,68,020.07 37.17 24.5

MIDDLE EAST Intermediate

goods $21,34,60,337.94 $14,64,18,262.91 21.36 18.36

TRADE DATA Raw materials

Animal
$7,90,65,387.99 $40,91,41,021.91
$2,67,00,443.91 $31,90,578.83
7.91
2.67
51.31
0.4
Chemicals $8,26,93,941.64 $5,19,51,139.70 8.27 6.51
Food Products $4,19,60,339.52 $69,31,747.00 4.2 0.87
Footwear $65,72,962.44 $12,97,301.89 0.66 0.16
Fuels $6,53,24,432.54 $51,54,32,019.16 6.54 64.64
Hides and Skins $43,68,304.24 $7,93,435.44 0.44 0.1
Mach and Elec $22,70,06,853.92 $3,30,88,067.77 22.71 4.15
Metals $7,13,04,683.15 $2,64,60,454.93 7.13 3.32
Minerals $67,04,516.76 $1,00,05,499.63 0.67 1.25
Miscellaneous $7,75,14,647.44 $1,44,79,646.15 7.75 1.82

Plastic or Rubber $3,56,11,289.38 $3,71,32,298.96 3.56 4.66

Stone and Glass $7,94,98,209.87 $5,73,08,962.80 7.95 7.19
Textiles and
Clothing $5,16,17,990.39 $1,64,02,971.38 5.16 2.06
Transportation $14,10,75,760.57 $83,80,695.38 14.11 1.05
Vegetable $5,65,32,049.57 $1,20,03,385.62 5.66 1.51
Wood $2,50,89,479.01 $25,80,809.64 2.51 0.32
 • Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
• OPEC was established at a conference held in Baghdad
 September 10–14, 1960, and was formally constituted in
January 1961 by five countries: Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait,
and Venezuela
•  Members admitted afterward include Qatar (1961), Indonesia
 and Libya (1962), Abu Dhabi (1967), Algeria (1969), Nigeria

OPEC
 (1971), Ecuador (1973), and Angola (2007). The 
United Arab Emirates—which includes Abu Dhabi (the largest
of the emirates), Dubai, ʿAjmān, Sharjah, Umm al-Qaywayn, 
Raʾs al-Khaymah, and Al-Fujayrah—assumed Abu Dhabi’s
membership in the 1970s. Gabon, which had joined in 1975,
withdrew in January 1995
• OPEC claims that its members collectively own about four-
fifths of the world’s proven petroleum reserves, while they
account for two-fifths of world oil production
• OPEC is believed to be an effective CARTEL by experts
 • The US-Middle East Free Trade Area
(MEFTA) initiative was an ambitious
plan to achieve a single free trade
agreement (FTA) between the United
MEFTA States and all countries between
Western Sahara and Iran
• The countries targetted to join MEFTA
are: Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Iraq,
Israel (and through Israel, the
Palestinian Authority), Jordan, Kuwait,
Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Qatar,
Saudi Arabia, Syria , Tunisia and Yemen
 PRODUCT EXPORT (US$ IMPORT (US$ EXPORT PRODUCT IMPORT PRODUCT
GROUP THOUSAND) THOUSAND) SHARE (%) SHARE (%)

Capital goods $11,83,91,957.40 $1,05,33,345.45 39.03 3.11

Consumer goods $11,29,91,525.58 $8,86,80,142.22 37.25 26.18

Intermediate
goods $4,92,29,194.48 $7,94,87,415.52 16.23 23.46
Raw materials $1,64,30,709.85 $14,76,18,030.48 5.42 43.57
Animal $70,33,511.32 $48,39,691.73 2.32 1.43

RUSSIA Chemicals $4,16,63,917.34 $1,70,26,520.28 13.74 5.03

TRADE DATA
Food Products $1,32,56,344.65 $44,34,795.64 4.37 1.31

Footwear $49,18,154.06 $1,94,800.56 1.62 0.06

Fuels $29,35,613.44 $20,37,62,643.92 0.97 60.15
Mach and Elec $8,93,42,774.16 $82,87,120.59 29.46 2.45
Metals $1,93,99,757.03 $3,92,28,464.71 6.4 11.58

Minerals $20,61,687.10 $43,84,489.14 0.68 1.29

Miscellaneous $2,18,46,008.57 $63,69,219.31 7.2 1.88
Plastic or Rubber $1,58,24,199.84 $63,05,947.31 5.22 1.86
Stone and Glass $44,01,593.53 $1,63,87,604.13 1.45 4.84

Textiles  $1,54,10,019.00 $8,57,581.58 5.08 0.25

Transportation $4,22,76,976.98 $41,84,805.20 13.94 1.24
Vegetable $1,17,28,090.40 $95,54,851.56 3.87 2.82

Wood $66,95,987.56 $1,26,81,580.90 2.21 3.74

 On August 22, 2012, Russia formally joined the WTO

TRADE On October 18, 2011 eight  countries (Russia,

Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Tajikistan, Armenia,
AGREEMEN Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan) from the Commonwealth of
Independent States (CIS) signed and then in the
TS following years ratified  a Free Trade Agreement (FTA)

On January 1, 2015 the Eurasian Economic Union

(EAEU) was launched, which incorporated the
regulations previously set forth in the Russia-
Kazakhstan-Belarus Customs Union (CU)
 • The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is
a treaty entered into by the United States, Canada, and
Mexico; it went into effect on January 1, 1994

NAFTA • Tariff elimination for qualifying products and further

phasing out of duties in 5 to 10 stages for other goods.
• Elimination of non tariff barriers by 2008 
• Tax reduction for motor vehicles and auto parts.
• More free trade in agriculture
• Increased intellectual right protection.
 • As per US export data, the country is 2nd largest
in terms of global exports. The United States
shipped commodities worth US$ 1,665 billion in
2018, a gain of about 7.7% from the previous
year.
United States
of America • USA import data show that the country stands on
No.1 position in terms of global imports. The U.S.
purchased goods worth US$ 2,612 billion in
2018, an 8.5% uptick from the previous year.
US Export Data

• US major exports are

Machinery (12.81%), Mineral
Fuels & Oils (11.57%),
Electronics (10.58%), Aircraft &
Spacecraft (8.37%), Vehicles
(7.85%), Optical Equipment
(5.38%), Plastics (4%), Pearls &
Precious Stones (3.83%),
Pharma (2.9%) and Organic
Chemicals (2.42%) as per US
customs data.
US Export Partners
• Top 5 US export partners are Canada (US$ 299.7
billion), Mexico (US$ 265.4 billion), China (US$ 120.1
billion), Japan (US$ 75.2 billion) and United Kingdom
(US$ 66.3 billion).

• From a continental perspective, about 33.9% of US

exports by value were delivered to fellow North
American countries in 2018, while 31.4% were supplied
to importers in Asian continent. America shipped
another 21.6% worth of commodities to European
nations.
US Import Data
• Top 10 US imports are
Machinery (14.77%),
Electronics (14.05%),
Vehicles (11.73%), Mineral
Fuels & Oils (9.25%),
Pharma (4.43%), Optical
Equipment (3.58%),
Furniture (2.76%), Plastics
(2.37%), Pearls & Precious
Stones (2.33%) and Organic
Chemicals (2.09%).
US Import partners
• Top 5 US import partners are China (US$ 563 billion),
Mexico (US$ 349 billion), Canada (US$ 326 billion), Japan
(US$ 145 billion) and Germany (US$ 128 billion). China
stands on top in the chart of US largest trading partners.
• From a continental perspective, about 45% of America’s
total imports by value in 2018 were purchased from
suppliers in Asia. Fellow North American trade partners
supplied 25.8% of import sales to the United States, while
21.9% worth of shipments originated from Europe as per
US import statistics.
 EXPORT
• Strong Manufacturing and high level of
innovation
• Cheaper capital availability
• Oil Fields and increase in domestic oil
production
• Leader in space and aircraft tech
REASONS
IMPORT
• Huge local demand
• High production and labour cost
• Favourable exchange rate for exporting
countries
• Low import duties
 • Mexico’s imports valued US$ 464 billion in
2018, which rose about 16.1% from the
Mexico previous year.

• Mexico’s total export shipments valued US$

450 billion in 2018. Mexico trade data shows
the dollar amount reflects a 10.1% increase
in exports as compared to the previous year.
 Mexico Export
Commodities

• Top 10 Mexico Export

Products are Vehicles
(25.64%), Electronics
(18.18%), Machinery
(16.73%), Mineral Fuels &
Oils (6.59%), Optical,
Medical Equipment, etc.
(4.23%), Furniture (2.35%),
Plastics (2.12%), Edible
Vegetables (1.57%), Articles
of Iron & Steel (1.50%) and
Beverages (1.49%)
Top 5 Export
Partners of Mexico

• United States (US$ 344 billion),

Canada (US$ 14 billion), China
(US$ 7.1 billion), Germany (US$
7 billion) and Brazil (US$ 4
billion).
• Almost 80% of Mexican exports
by value were delivered to the
United States, Canada and
Canada-fellow members under
the old North American Free
Trade Agreement (NAFTA).
 Mexico Import
Commodities

• Top 10 Mexico Imports are

Electronics (20.44%),
Machinery (16.68%),
Mineral Fuels & Oils
(9.98%), Vehicles (9.27%),
Plastics (5.45%), Optical,
Medical Equipment, etc.
(3.29%), Iron & Steel
(2.51%), Articles of Iron &
Steel (2.1%), Organic
Chemicals (2.07%) and
Aluminium (1.51%).
Import Partners
of Mexico

• Mexico’s top 5 import sources are United

States (US$ 216 billion), China (US$ 83
billion), Japan (US$ 18 billion), Germany
(US$ 17 billion) and South Korea (US$ 16
billion).
• As per Mexico trade data, almost half
(48.9%) of country’s total imports by
value in 2018 were purchased from the
United States and Canada. Trade partners
in Asian continent accounted for 34.9% of
Mexican import purchases while 12.4%
worth originated from Europe.
 EXPORT
• Cheaper land and labour
• American companies outsourcing
manufacturing production
• Free trade agreements

REASONS
IMPORTS
• Lack of capital goods industry
• Lack of qualified workforce
 As per Canada export data, the
country is 12th largest in terms of
global exports. Canada shipped
commodities worth US$ 420
billion in 2018
Canada
Canada import data show that the
country is 12th largest in terms of
global imports. The U.S.
purchased goods worth US$ 432
billion in 2018.
 Canada Export Commodities

HS Code Product Description Value USD %

27 Mineral fuels & oils 20.16
87 Vehicles 14.85
84 Machinery & Mechanical Appliances 7.7

71 Natural pearls & precious stones 4.25

44 Wood 3.35
Canada Export Trade Partners

Country Value USD %

USA 76
China 4.3
United Kingdom 3.2
Japan 2.2
Mexico 1.4
Canada Import Commodities

HS Code Product Description Value USD %

87 Vehicles 17.18
84 Machinery & Mechanical Appliances 14.65

85 Electrical machinery & equipment 9.89

27 Mineral fuels & oils 6.87
39 Plastics 3.71
Import Partners of Canada

Country Value USD %

USA 51.4
China 12.6
Mexico 6.3
Germany 3.2
Japan 3.1
 • IMPORT AND EXPORTS OF VEHICLES DUE TO
NAFTA
REASONS
• EXPORTS
• Large reserves of oil
• US car manufacturers

IMPORTS
• High local production cost due to low
population