Trends in computing

What does Computing mean?

• Computing is the process – Often structuring

of using computer – Processing
technology to complete a – and managing any kind of
given goal-oriented task. information
– To aid in the pursuit of:
• Computing may
– scientific studies,
encompass the design – making intelligent systems,
and development of – creating and using
software and hardware different media for
systems for a broad entertainment and
range of purposes: communication.
 Types of Computing

• 3 popular types of computing:

•Personal Computing
•Client/Server Computing
•Cloud Computing
 Types……..
•Personal Computing: General-purpose computer.

•Client/Server Computing: Responds to request across

a computer network to provide a network service.
Example: Loading cnn.com on a web page.

•Cloud Computing: A shared pool of computing

resources accessible over a network. Pay as you go
model.
 Client/Server Computing

• “ server software
accepts requests for
data from client
software and returns
the results to the
client”
 Where Operations are Done?
• Where Operations are Done In CS Relationship
“most of the application processing is done on
a computer (client side), which obtains
application services (such as database
services) from another computer (server side)
in a master slave configuration
 Cloud Computing

• provides us a means by which we can access the applications as

utilities, over the Internet. It allows us to create, configure, and
customize applications online. With Cloud Computing users can access
database resources via the internet from anywhere for as long as they
need without worrying about any maintenance or management of
actual resources.
 What is Cloud?
• The term Cloud refers to a Network or Internet.
• In other words, we can say that Cloud is something,
which is present at remote location.
• Cloud can provide services over network, i.e., on
public networks or on private networks, i.e., WAN,
LAN or VPN.
• Applications such as e-mail, web conferencing,
customer relationship management (CRM), all run in
cloud.
 What is Cloud Computing?
• Cloud Computing refers to
– manipulating,
– configuring,
– accessing the applications online.
It offers
– online data storage,
– infrastructure and application.
Cloud Computing is both a combination of software and
hardware based computing resources delivered as a
network service.
 Machine Learning and AI
“Learning is any process by which a system
improves performance from experience.”
Herbert Alexander Simon

“Machine Learning is concerned with computer

programs that automatically improve their
performance”.
 Why Machine Learning?
• Develop systems that can automatically adapt and customize
themselves to individual users.
Personalized news or mail filter.
• Discover new knowledge from large databases (data mining).
Market basket analysis (e.g. diapers and beer)
• Ability to mimic human and replace certain monotonous tasks -
which require some intelligence.
like recognizing handwritten characters
• Develop systems that are too difficult/expensive to construct
manually because they require specific detailed skills or knowledge
tuned to a specific task
(knowledge engineering bottleneck).
 Why now?
• Flood of available data
(especially with the advent of the Internet).
• Increasing computational power.
• Growing progress in available algorithms and
theory developed by researchers.
• Increasing support from industries.
 Artificial Intelligence

Sometimes called machine intelligence,

is intelligence demonstrated by machines, in
contrast to the natural intelligence displayed
by humans and other animals. 
What does Artificial Intelligence (AI) mean?

Artificial intelligence (AI) is an area of computer science that

emphasizes the creation of intelligent machines that work
and react like humans. Some of the activities computers with
artificial intelligence are designed for include:
• Speech recognition
• Learning
• Planning
• Problem solving
 Some Definitions (I)

The exciting new effort to make

computers think …
machines with minds,
in the full literal sense.
Haugeland, 1985

(excited but not really useful)

 Some Definitions (II)

The study of mental faculties through the use

of computational models.
Charniak and McDermott, 1985

A field of study that seeks to explain and

emulate intelligent behavior in terms of
computational processes.
Schalkoff, 1990

(Applied psychology & philosophy?)

 Some Definitions (III)

The study of how to make computers do

things at which, at the moment, people
are better.

Rich & Knight, 1991

(I can almost understand this one).
 IoT

The internet of things, is a system of interrelated

computing devices, mechanical and digital machines,
objects, animals or people that are provided with
unique identifiers (UIDs) and the ability to transfer
data over a network without requiring human-to-
human or human-to-computer interaction.
 It is the network of devices such as
vehicles, and home appliances that
contain electronics, software, 
actuators, and connectivity which
allows these things to connect,
interact and exchange data.

IoT involves extending Internet connectivity beyond standard

devices, such as desktops, laptops, smartphones and tablets, to
any range of traditionally dumb or non-internet-enabled
physical devices and everyday objects. Embedded with
technology, these devices can communicate and interact over
the Internet, and they can be remotely monitored and
controlled.
Quantum Computing
 What is a quantum
computer?

A quantum computer is a machine that

performs calculations based on the laws
of quantum mechanics, which is the
behavior of particles at the sub-atomic
level.
 What is a Quantum Computer?

 Quantum Computer
A computer that uses quantum mechanical
phenomena to perform operations on data
through devices such as superposition and
entanglement.
 Classical Computer (Binary)
A computer that uses voltages flowing through
circuits and gates, which can be calculated entirely
by classical mechanics.
 The Need For Speed...

 Quantum Computer
 Harnesses the power of atoms and molecules to perform
memory and processing tasks
 Parallel Processing – millions of operations at a time
 30-qubit quantum computer equals the processing power
of conventional computer that running at 10 teraflops
(trillions of floating-point operations per second).
Smart Phones
Augmented Reality