SPATIAL COGNITION -I

LONG TERM MEMORY

 MEMORY
• Memory is the processes involved in retaining, retrieving, and using information about stimuli, images, events, ideas, and skills after
the original information is no longer present.
• There are three major structural features:
1. Sensory Memory is an initial stage that holds all incoming information for seconds or fractions of a second.
2. Short-term Memory (STM) holds 5–7 items for about 15–30 seconds.
3. Long-term Memory (LTM) can hold a large amount of information for years or even decades.
• Sensory Memory is the retention, for brief periods of time, of the effects of sensory stimulation.
• We can demonstrate this brief retention for the effects of visual stimulation with examples such as retention of the perception of
light in your mind is called the persistence of vision.
• Short-term memory (or "primary" or "active memory") is the capacity for holding, but not manipulating, a small amount of
information in mind in an active, readily available state for a short period of time. 
• Similar to short term memory but is remembered for longer period of time.
• Control Processes which are active processes that can be controlled by the person and may differ from one task to another.
• An example of a control process is Rehearsal—repeating a stimulus over and over.
• We usually just repeat the numbers without any consideration of meaning or making connections with other information. This kind
of rehearsal, called maintenance rehearsal,
• Elaborative rehearsal, is more effective at transferring information into LONG TREM MEMORY; it occurs when you think about the
meaning of an item or make connections between the item and something you know.
• The process of acquiring information and transferring it into LONG TERM MEMORY is called Encoding.
• This process of remembering information that is stored in long-term memory and transferring information to working memory is
called Retrieval.
 LONG TERM MEMORY
• Long-term memory (LTM) is the system that is responsible for storing information for long periods of time. One way to
describe LTM is as an “archive” of information about past events in our lives and knowledge we have learned. What is
particularly amazing about this storage is how it stretches from just a few moments ago to as far back as we can PRIMING
remember.
• Recognition Memory is the identification of a stimulus that was encountered earlier.
• Example: Recollecting the features in a case study of building
PROCEDUAL
• Explicit Memory (or declarative memory) is the conscious, intentional recollection
IMPLICIT (not MEMORY
of factual information, previous experiences, and concepts. conscious) (skill memory)
• Example: The basic principals of design and correlation to the development in the design using
the principals.
• Explicit memory can be divided into two categories: Episodic Memory,
CONDITIONI
which stores specific personal experiences, and Semantic
Memory, which stores factual information. LONG TERM NG
MEMORY
• Explicit memory requires gradual learning, with multiple presentations of a stimulus and
response.
• Implicit memory is also sometimes referred to as nondeclarative memory since you are not able to EPISODIC
consciously bring it into awareness.
EXPLICIT
• Priming refers to the process by which a past experience increases the accuracy or(conscious)
quickness of a
response.
• Classical conditioning is when you unconsciously learn to associate one thing with another.
SEMANTIC
• The main difference between these two kind of memories namely episodic memory and semantic memory is that
episodic memory is wholly associated with the recalling of personal facts while semantic memory refers to those
facts that are not personal at all. It is about the outside world.
• Examples of Semantic Memory
• While seeing an plan, you recognize the technicality of the plan and from your knowledge, can confer its
importance. 
• When seeing to the building we can describe the principal of designs used in the building.
• Examples of Episodic Memory 
• The memory you had with drafting your sheet last in initial year. 
• The memory of the site visit the day before.

THE BOTTOM LINE

• Implicit memory is a form of long-term memory that doesn’t require any conscious retrieval. There are several
types of implicit memory, including procedural memory, priming, and conditioning. Together, these subtypes help
you carry out everyday tasks, from riding a bike to having a conversation with someone.