Calculations with Binary

Numbers
Binary Addition 2

 Two 1-bit values

A B A+ B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 10
“two”
Binary Addition 3

 Two n-bit values

 Add individual bits

 Propagate carries

 For example
1 1
10101 21
+ 11001 + 25
101110 46
Binary Addition - Practice 4

1. 101 + 11 =

2. 111 + 111 =

3. 1010 + 1010 =

4. 11101 + 1010 =

5. 11111 + 11111 =
Binary Multiplication 5

 Binary, two 1-bit values

A B AB
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
Binary Multiplication 6

 Binary, two n-bit values

 As with decimal values

 E.g., 1110
x 1011
1110
1110
0000
1110
10011010
Binary Multiplication - Practice 7

 1002 x 0102 =
 1112 x 0102 =
 1102 x 0112 =
 1012 x 0112 =
 11102 x 00112 =
 11012 x 01012 =
 00102 x 11012 =
 10102 x 11012 =
Signed Numbers 8

 Up till now we've been concentrating on unsigned numbers. In real life we

have to represent signed numbers ( like: -12, -45, 78)

 The difference between signed and unsigned numbers is the sign. A

method is required to represent the sign as part of the binary
representation

 There are a number of schemes for representing signed numbers in binary

format

 sign-magnitude representation
 the twos-complement representation
 
Sign-Magnitude Representation 9

 
In this representation, the leftmost bit of a binary code
represents the sign of the value:
 0 for positive
 1 for negative

the remaining bits represent the numeric value

 
 
Sign-Magnitude Representation 10

   To Compute negative values using Sign/Magnitude (signmag)

representation

 Begin with the binary representation of the positive value, then flip
the leftmost zero bit
Sign-Magnitude Representation 11

  Find the signmag representation of -610

Step1: find binary representation (8-bit)

610 = 000001102

Step2: if the number is a negative number flip left most bit

10000110
 
-610 = 100001102
Sign-Magnitude Representation 12

  Find the signmag representation of -3610

Step 1: find binary representation

3610 = 001001002

Step 2: if the number is a negative number flip left most

bit
10100100
 
-3610 = 101001002
Sign-Magnitude Representation 13

  Find the signmag representation of 7010

Step 1: find binary representation

7010 = 010001102

Step 2: if the number is a negative number flip left most

bit
01000110 (no flipping, since it is +ve)
 
7010 = 010001102
Sign-Magnitude Representation 14

  What is this signmag number?

100011012

 
 
 
Google class room 15

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 Then select join the classroom
 Enter the code xqdds6r
Two’s Complement 16
Representation
 Another scheme to represent negative numbers
  The leftmost bit serves as a sign bit:
 0 for positive numbers

 1 for negative numbers  

Two’s Complement 17
Representation
To Compute negative values using two’s Complement
representation, begin with the binary representation of the
positive value, complement (flip each bit if it is 0 make it 1 and
visa versa) the entire positive number, and then add one
Two’s Complement 18
Representation
Find the two’s complement representation of –610

Step1: find binary representation

610 = 000001102
Two’s Complement 19
Representation
Step 2: Complement the entire positive number, and then add
one
 
00000110
(complemented)-> 11111001
(add one) -> + 1
11111010
 
-610 = 111110102 (in 2's complement form)
Two’s Complement 20
Representation
Alternative method for step 2 

Scan binary representation from right to left, find first one

bit, from low-order (right) end, and complement the
remaining pattern to the left
 
00000110
(left complemented) --> 11111010
 
Two’s Complement 21
Representation
Find the Two’s Complement of -7610

Step 1: Find the 8 bit binary representation of the positive

value
 
7610 = 010011002
 
Two’s Complement 22
Representation
Step 2:
Find first one bit, from low-order (right) end, and
complement the pattern to the left.
 
01001100
(left complemented) -> 10110100
  
-7610 = 101101002 (in 2's complement form) 
Two’s Complement 23
Representation
Find the Two’s Complement of 7210

Step 1: Find the 8 bit binary representation of the positive

value.
 
7210 = 010010002
 
Two’s Complement 24
Representation
Step 2:
Since number is positive do nothing
  
So: 7210 = 010010002
why do we use 2's complement for signed 25
numbers

 Two's complement allows negative and
positive numbers to be added together without
any special logic.

 This means that subtraction and addition of both

positive and negative numbers can all be done by
the same circuit in the cpu
Why do we use 2’s complement for 26
subtraction

 Two's complement is used because it is simpler to implement

in circuitry and also does not allow a negative zero.

 The two's-complement system has the advantage of not

requiring that the addition and subtraction circuitry examine
the signs of the operands to determine whether to add or
subtract.

 This property makes the system both simpler to implement

and capable of easily handling higher precision arithmetic.
References 27

 http://www.wikihow.com/Add-Binary-Numbers

 Introduction To Computer Science by ITL

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