Cell transport

Paula Blanca A. Palmero

DLSU-Manila
College of Science

AP Biology
Membrane Transport
 Plasma membrane is selectively permeable
 Impermeable membrane - membrane though which
nothing can pass
 Freely permeable membrane - any substance can pass
through it
 Selectively permeable membrane - permits free passage
of some materials and restricts passage of others
 Distinction may be based on size, electrical charge,
molecular shape, lipid solubility

 Cells differ in their permeabilities; depending on

 what lipids and proteins are present in the membrane and
 how these components are arranged.

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 The Cell Membrane

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 Overview
 Cell membrane separates living cell from
nonliving surroundings
 thin barrier = 8nm thick
 Controls traffic in & out of the cell
 selectively permeable
 allows some substances to cross more easily
than others
 hydrophobic vs hydrophilic

 Made of phospholipids, proteins & other

macromolecules

AP Biology
 Phosphate
Phospholipids
 Fatty acid tails
 hydrophobic
 Phosphate group head
Fatty acid
 hydrophilic
 Arranged as a bilayer

Aaaah,
one of those
structure–function
examples
AP Biology
 Phospholipid bilayer

polar
hydrophilic
heads

nonpolar
hydrophobic
tails

polar
hydrophilic
heads

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 More than lipids…
 In 1972, S.J. Singer & G. Nicolson
proposed that membrane proteins are
inserted into the phospholipid bilayer

It’s like a fluid…

It’s like a mosaic…
It’s the
Fluid Mosaic Model!

AP Biology
Membrane is a collage of proteins & other molecules
embedded in the fluid matrix of the lipid bilayer

Glycoprotein Extracellular fluid

Glycolipid

Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Transmembrane
proteins
Peripheral
protein
Cytoplasm Filaments of
cytoskeleton
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 Membrane fat composition varies
 Fat composition affects flexibility
 membrane must be fluid & flexible
 about as fluid as thick salad oil
 % unsaturated fatty acids in phospholipids
 keep membrane less viscous
 cold-adapted organisms, like winter wheat
 increase % in autumn
 cholesterol in membrane

AP Biology
 Membrane Proteins
 Proteins determine membrane’s specific functions
 cell membrane & organelle membranes each have
unique collections of proteins
 Membrane proteins:
 peripheral proteins
 loosely bound to surface of membrane
 cell surface identity marker (antigens)
 integral proteins
 penetrate lipid bilayer, usually across whole membrane
 transmembrane protein
 transport proteins
 channels, permeases (pumps)
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 Why are
proteins the perfect
molecule to build structures
in the cell membrane?

AP Biology 2007-2008
 Classes of amino acids
What do these amino acids have in common?

nonpolar & hydrophobic

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 Classes of amino acids
What do these amino acids have in common?

I like the
polar ones
the best!

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polar & hydrophilic
 Proteins domains anchor molecule
Polar areas
 Within membrane of protein
 nonpolar amino acids
 hydrophobic
 anchors protein
into membrane
 On outer surfaces of
membrane
 polar amino acids
 hydrophilic
 extend into
extracellular fluid &
Nonpolar areas of protein
AP Biology
into cytosol
 H+

Examples Retinal
chromophore
NH2

water channel
in bacteria
Porin monomer
-pleated sheets

Bacterial Nonpolar
outer (hydrophobic) COOH
membrane -helices in the
cell membrane H+
Cytoplasm

proton pump channel

in photosynthetic bacteria
function through
conformational change =
AP Biology shape change
 Many Functions of Membrane Proteins
Outside

Plasma
membrane

Inside
Transporter Enzyme Cell surface
activity receptor

Cell surface Cell adhesion Attachment to the

AP Biology identity marker cytoskeleton
 Membrane carbohydrates
 Play a key role in cell-cell recognition
 ability of a cell to distinguish one cell
from another
 antigens
 important in organ &
tissue development
 basis for rejection of

foreign cells by
immune system

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 Any Questions??

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 Movement across the
Cell Membrane

AP Biology
Types of Cellular Transport
Weee!
 Passive Transport
cell doesn’t use energy
1. Diffusion
2. Facilitated Diffusion high
3. Osmosis
low
 Active Transport
cell does use energy This is
1. Protein Pumps gonna
be hard
2. Endocytosis high
work!!

3. Exocytosis
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low
 Passive Transport
 cell uses no energy
 molecules move randomly
 Molecules spread out from an area of
high concentration to an area of low
concentration.

 (HighLow)
 Three types:

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 3 Types of Passive Transport

1. Diffusion
2. Facilitative Diffusion – diffusion with
the help of transport proteins
3. Osmosis – diffusion of water

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 Diffusion
 2nd Law of Thermodynamics
governs biological systems
 universe tends towards disorder (entropy)

 Diffusion
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 movement from high  low concentration
 Diffusion
 Move from HIGH to LOW concentration
 “passive transport”
 no energy needed
movement of water

AP Biology diffusion osmosis

 Diffusion across cell membrane
 Cell membrane is the boundary between
inside & outside…
 separates cell from its environment
Can it be an impenetrable boundary? NO!

IN OUT
food waste
carbohydrates OUT ammonia
sugars, proteins salts
amino acids CO2
IN
lipids H2O
salts, O2, H2O products
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cell needs materials in & products or waste out
 Diffusion through phospholipid bilayer
 What molecules can get through directly?
 fats & other lipids

lipid
 What molecules can
inside cell NOT get through
NH3 salt directly?
 polar molecules
 H2O
 ions
 salts, ammonia
sugar aa H2 O
outside cell  large molecules
 starches, proteins
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 Channels through cell membrane
 Membrane becomes semi-permeable
with protein channels
 specific channels allow specific material
across cell membrane

inside cell H2O aa sugar

NH
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3
salt outside cell
 Facilitated Diffusion
 Diffusion through protein channels
 channels move specific molecules across
cell membrane
facilitated = with help
 no energy needed
open channel = fast transport
high

low
AP Biology “The Bouncer”
 Active Transport
 Cells may need to move molecules against
concentration gradient
 shape change transports solute from
one side of membrane to other
 protein “pump”
conformational change
 “costs” energy = ATP low

ATP

high
AP Biology “The Doorman”
 Active transport
 Many models & mechanisms

ATP ATP

antiport symport
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  Antiport
 An antiport is an integral membrane transport
protein that simutaneously transports two
different molecules, in opposite directions,
across the membrane
 Symport
 The term symport is used to denote an integral
membrane protein that simultaneouly transports
two substances across membrane in the same
direction.

AP Biology
 Sodium-Potassium Pump 1
K+ issites
6 released and Extracellular Binding of cytoplasmic Na+ to the pump
Na are ready to bind Na+
+
fluid protein stimulates phosphorylation by ATP.
again; the cycle repeats.

Cytoplasm

2
Phosphorylation causes the
protein to change its shape.

Concentration gradients
of K+ and Na+

3
5
The shape change expels Na + to the
Loss of phosphate restores the outside, and extracellular K+ binds.
original conformation of the 4
pump protein.
K+ binding triggers release of the
phosphate group.
AP Biology Figure 3.10
 Getting through cell membrane
 Passive Transport
 Simple diffusion
 diffusion of nonpolar, hydrophobic molecules
 lipids
 high  low concentration gradient
 Facilitated transport
 diffusion of polar, hydrophilic molecules
 through a protein channel
 high  low concentration gradient
 Active transport
 diffusion against concentration gradient
 low  high
 uses a protein pump ATP
 requires ATP
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 Transport summary
simple
diffusion

facilitated
diffusion

active ATP
transport
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 How about large molecules?
 Moving large molecules into & out of cell
 through vesicles & vacuoles
 endocytosis

 phagocytosis = “cellular eating”

 pinocytosis = “cellular drinking”
 exocytosis

AP Biology exocytosis
 Endocytosis
fuse with
phagocytosis lysosome for
digestion

pinocytosis non-specific
process

triggered by
receptor-mediated molecular
endocytosis signal
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 The Special Case of Water

Movement of water across

the cell membrane

AP Biology 2007-2008
 Osmosis is diffusion of water
 Water is very important to life,
so we talk about water separately
 Diffusion of water from
high concentration of water to
low concentration of water
 across a
semi-permeable
membrane

AP Biology
Tonicity
 Tonicity - ability of a solution to affect fluid volume
and pressure within a cell
 depends on concentration and permeability of solute
 Isotonic solution
 solution with the same solute concentration as that of the
cytosol; normal saline
 Hypotonic solution
 lower concentration of nonpermeating solutes than that of
the cytosol (high water concentration)
 cells absorb water, swell and may burst (lyse)
 Hypertonic solution
 has higher concentration of nonpermeating solutes than that
of the cytosol (low water concentration)
 cells lose water + shrivel (crenate)

AP Biology
 Osmosis and Cells
 Important because large volume changes caused
by water movement disrupt normal cell function
 Cell shrinkage or swelling
 Isotonic: cell neither shrinks nor swells

 Hypertonic: cell shrinks (crenation)

 Hypotonic: cell swells (lysis)

AP Biology
 Concentration of water
 Direction of osmosis is determined by
comparing total solute concentrations
 Hypertonic - more solute, less water
 Hypotonic - less solute, more water
 Isotonic - equal solute, equal water

water

hypotonic hypertonic
AP Biology net movement of water
 Managing water balance
 Cell survival depends on balancing
water uptake & loss

AP Biology freshwater balanced saltwater

 Managing water balance
 Isotonic
 animal cell immersed in
mild salt solution
 example:
blood cells in blood plasma
 problem: none
 no net movement of water
 flows across membrane
equally, in both directions
 volume of cell is stable

AP Biology balanced
 Managing water balance
 Hypotonic
 a cell in fresh water
 example: Paramecium
 problem: gains water,
swells & can burst
 water continually enters
Paramecium cell
 solution: contractile vacuole
ATP  pumps water out of cell
 ATP
 plant cells
 turgid
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 Water regulation
 Contractile vacuole in Paramecium

ATP

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 Effects of Tonicity on RBCs

Hypotonic, isotonic and hypertonic solutions affect the fluid

volume of a red blood cell. Notice the crenated and swollen
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 Managing water balance
 Hypertonic
 a cell in salt water
 example: shellfish
 problem: lose water & die
 solution: take up water or
pump out salt
 plant cells
 plasmolysis = wilt

AP Biology saltwater
 1991 | 2003
Aquaporins
 Water moves rapidly into & out of cells
 evidence that there were water channels

Peter Agre Roderick MacKinnon

John Hopkins Rockefeller
AP Biology
 Any Questions??

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