INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH

NUR3001 – Research and Statistics

Muhammad Hibatullah Romli

PhD, MScOT, BOT(Hons), DipOT, DIS
 LEARNING OBJECTIVE
At the end of the class, it is expected the
students to:
• Define what is research
• Describe the importance of research for
evidence-based practice
• Discriminate the available research designs
• Identify designs used in the literature.
 DEFINITION
• “looking carefully
again”
• Diligent,
systematic enquiry
or investigation to
validate and refine
existing knowledge
and generate new
knowledge.
WHY YOU NEED RESEARCH?
 HISTORY

21st Century
Pursue on more
1980s – 1990s rigorous research
Development of and EBP
1970s scholarly practice Strengthening and
Development on the and empirical expanding the
profession’s knowledge profession’s role
1950s – 1960s foundations
Focus on researching
of nursing functions
and activities
Early 1900s
Research is limited
but more on
nursing education
Florence
Nightingale
(1859)
 MAJOR THEORIES IN NURSING RESEARCH

• Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory

• Levine’s Conservation Model
• Neuman System Model
• Roy’s Adaptation Model
• Rogers’s Energy Fields Model
 Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory

Theory of self-care deficits: at time, the person or their

Theoryof
Theory ofnursing
self-care: normally
linkact innurse
a rational way tobycare for
dependents will system:
have a greatertheneed forand client
self-care proposing
than they can
the nurse actthemselves
to provide and theircare
nursing dependents
fulfill to client/s to meet their
needs for self-care
Levine’s Conservation Model
Conservatio
Conservatio n of
n of energy structural
integrity

Conservatio
Conversatio
n of
n of social
personal
integrity
integrity
Neuman System Model
Roy’s Adaptation Model
Rogers’s Energy Fields Model
Human energy Environmental
fields energy fields

Pan- A universe of
dimensionality open system

pattern
 Other models for research guide
The
Preventive
Health The Health
Behaviour Belief
The Health Model
Model Promotion
Parse’s Model
theory
Peplau’s Model
of
Psychodynamic
Nursing
 COMMON TERMINOLOGIES
• Hypothesis
• Journal
• Database
• Evidence-based practice
• Research question
• Research objective
• Literature review
• Basic research
• Applied research
 STEPS IN CONDUCTING RESEARCH
STEPS Where to find
in Journal in Thesis
Identification of research problem Introduction Chapter 1
Literature review Chapter 2
Specifying the purpose of research Chapter 1
Determining specific research questions
Specification of a conceptual framework,
usually a set of hypotheses
Choice of a methodology (for data collection) Methods Chapter 3
Data collection
Verifying data Result Chapter 4
Analysing and interpreting the data
Reporting and evaluating research Discussion / Chapter 5
Communicating the research findings and, Conclusion Chapter 6
possibly, recommendations Conferences, journal articles,
thesis/dissertation writing
 TYPES OF RESEARCH
Literature review

Systematic
review + meta-
Review analysis
study
Scoping review

meta-synthesis

RESEARCH Focus group

DESIGN discussion

Observation (pragmatic
/ grounded /
Qualitative
phenomenology /
ethnography)

Original Mixed-method Case study

study Delphi technique

Observation Experiment
* cohort / longitudinal / prospective * randomised control trial
Quantitative * case-control / retrospective * control trial / quasi-experiment
* cross-sectional *Single-subject case study
* pre-post single group
 STATISTIC
• Statistics is the science of learning from
data. Statistics combines mathematical
theories with prevailing knowledge in
different areas of sciences resulting in the
advancement of broader scientific
understanding
• Biostatistics is the field of development and
application of statistical methods to research
health-related fields
STATISTICAL CHOICE
 EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE
• The conscientious, explicit and judicious use
of current best evidence in making decisions
about the healthcare of patients and that is
also involves patients’ values
HIERARCHY OF EVIDENCE
HIERARCHY OF EVIDENCE (Alternative)

Systematic review and meta-analysis of experimental studies

Meta-analysis of experiment or quasi-experiment studies

Single experiment study (RCT)

Single quasi-experimental study

Quantitative observational studies (cohort/longitudinal/prospective)

Case-control study

Cross-sectional study

Mixed-methods study

Qualitative study

Case report

Opinion of experts
 CLINICAL REASONING
• Problematic reasoning
• Operational reasoning
• Dialectic reasoning
• Logistic reasoning
• Inductive and deductive reasoning
 GENERATING EBP

Clinical
Best expertise
research Evidence-based practice
evidence Patient
needs and
values
 HOW?
Traditions

Role-
modeling and Authority
mentorship

Trial and
Borrowing
error

Personal
experience
 REFERENCE
• Chinna, K. & Krishnan, K. (2009). Biostatistics for the Health Sciences.
McGraw Hill, Shah Alam: Malaysia
• Gray, J.R., Grove, S.K. & Sutherland, S. (2016). Burns and Grove’s The Practice
of Nursing Research: Appraisal, Synthesis, and Generation of Evidence (8th
ed). Elsevier, Missouri: USA.
• Hicks, C.M. (2009). Research Methods for Clinical Therapies: Applied Project
Design and Analysis (5th ed). Churchill Livingstone, Elsevier, Oxford: UK.
• Law, M. & MacDermid, J. (2014). Evidence-Based Rehabilitation: A Guide to
Practice (3rd ed). SLACK Incorporated. Thorofare, NJ: USA.
• Richardson-Tench, M., Taylor, B. & Kermode, S. (2014). Research in Nursing:
Evidence for Best Practice (5th ed). Cengage Learning Australia, South
Melbourne: Australia.
• Taylor, B., Kermode, S. & Roberts, K. (2006). Research in Nursing and Health
Care: Evidence for Practice (3rd ed). Thomson, South Melbourne: Australia.