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Architecture 324
Structures II
• Material Properties
• Stress in Beams
• Transformed Sections
• Analysis by WSD
• Design by WSD
~ 3/8” aggregate
limestone aggregate
~ 1.5”
Photos: CC:BY-SA Emadrazo (wikipedia)
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
• Water/Cement Ratio
– range 0.4 to 0.7
– for strength: higher is weaker
– for workability: higher is better
• Cement Content
– LBS per cubic yard
– range 400-800
– dependent on aggregate
– increases cost
• Deformation Patterns
• add to bond with concrete
• Spacing
• between bars
Bar diameter
1”
5/4 x max agg.
• between layers
1”
• coverage
3” against soil Reinforcement of Weidatalbrücke
CC:BY-SA Störfix (wikipedia)
1.5”-2” exterior http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
3/4” interior
•Tensile strength
– 12”x6” cylinder '
– 28 day moist cure
f
t
– Ultimate (failure) strength
– Split cylinder test
– Ca. 10% to 20% of f’c
Ec w 33 f 1.5
c c
'
Ec 57000 f c
'
• Examples
f’c E
3000 psi 3,140,000 psi
4000 psi 3,620,000 psi
5000 psi 4,050,000 psi
• Transformed Section
– Steel is converted to equivalent
concrete.
Es
n
Ec
Source: University of Michigan, Department of Architecture
Es d
n _
Ec d-x xt
nAs
3. Transform the area of steel to fs/n
equivalent concrete, nAs
4. Calculate the location of the N.A. As
5. Calculate the
transformed Moment
of Inertia.
6. Calculate a
maximum moment
based first on the
allowable concrete
stress and again on
the allowable steel
stress.
7. The lesser of the
two moments will
control. Source: University of Michigan, Department of Architecture
> balance
Concrete fails first – brittle failure (not desirable)
1. Find =As/bd
2. Find k
3. Calculate j
4. Calculate either force T or C
5. Calculate M using either T or C
1 b 2
2 d 3
• determine loads (+ member DL)
• calculate moment
1. As a simplification the
moment is given = 200 ft-k.
d will be determined based
on the moment.
f'c is given as 4000 psi
n is found = 8.
5. Calculate As using
Rc = Rt and
Rt = Asfs
7. Choose cover,
recalculate dead load,
iterate with new
moment.
Source: ACI-318-05