Session 5.8 Unit 5: Energy, Exercise and Coordination Topic 8: Grey Matter

Session 5.
Unit 5: Energy, Exercise and Coordination

Topic 8: Grey matter
Session 5.8 The nervous system and sense organs 1/3

Introduction
Neurones – structure and function
Reflex arcs and reflex action
Transmission of an impulse
- Resting potential
- Action potential
A2 Edexcel Biology Xavier DANIEL, Ph.D.

Session 5.8


Introduction
- Resting potential
- Action potential

Introduction
Sensitivity
=
ability to detect changes in environment (external/internal) and respond appropriately
Sensitivity
Individual cells (prokaryotes, unicellular animals/plants)
Entire organisms (prokaryotes , Animals, Plants)
Changes = stimulus
Receptor detects stimulus
Response done by effector
Receptor and effector often not close
need internal communication Animals’ internal communication

Nervous system and Endocrine system

Session 5.8


Introduction
- Resting potential
- Action potential

 All neurons have cell body: Nucleus + cytoplasm
 From cell body, very fine and long cytoplasmic fibres

= Axon
 CF specialized for transmission of information = impulses
Speed of impulses = 30-120 meters per second !!!
Nervous coordination extremely FAST motor neuron
Response to stimuli almost instantaneous

Stimulus
unipolar
2 Multi-polar
1 Receptor Relay neuron
5 Effector
4
Response unipolar


Motor neurones
2 Judges if worth it sending impulse itself

4 Transmission of impulse from motor plate
Integration
Down the axon Makes muscle fibers contract
1 3 Conduction of impulse from cell body

Reception of impulses from several precedent neurones
Transmit information to cell body To motor plate on muscle fibers
MN have many dendrites

Motor neurones
Wrap themselves around axon to protect it

5
Succession of SC = myelin sheath for electric insulation
Between two consecutive Schwann cells

6
Increases speed of impulse conduction

Myelin sheath and Nodes of Ranvier
Myelin is a lipid that prevents ions to go in/out of axon

Speeds up conduction of nerve impulse along axon

Review
motor neuron

Session 5.8


Introduction
- Resting potential
- Action potential


The pathway
Connects sense cell/organ (receptor) The response
with muscle or gland (effector) Rapid, automatic, short-lived response to stimulus
Via neurones Involuntary (reflex)
Does not involve central nervous system
One given stimulus always

triggers the same response


Session 5.8


Introduction
- Resting potential
- Action potential

- Resting potential

- Resting potential
Na+/K+ pump: Active transport Na+ and K+ across cell membrane

Overall: more negative
inside cell
Na+ OUT 3 Na+ cannot re-enter cell by simple diffusion (more positive outside cell)
Hence the RMP
K+ IN 2 K+ can diffuse out of the cell through K+ channels
out
Na+ K+
“Resting potential”
Cell not conducting impulse
-70mV
Na+ K+
in

Session 5.8


Introduction
- Resting potential
- Action potential

- Action potential
Transmission of impulse
Impulse transmitted along nerve fibers
NOT electrical current
Rather momentary reversal in electrical potential

difference across membrane of nerve fibers
=
Change in amounts of anions/cations inside/outside membrane of nerve fibers
Reversal travels along axon in milliseconds

- Action potential
= hyperpolarization
Stimulus
If transmitted along the axon: Action potential

- Action potential
- Generation of action potential The actors
VGSC

- Action potential
- Generation of action potential The actors
Generation of action potential
VGKC

- Action potential
- Generation of action potential The process
Let us see this in 8 steps…

- Action potential
1 At resting potential out
VGSC closed
-70mV Na + K+
VGKC closed
Na+ K+
in
Threshold potential
Resting potential

- Action potential
2  Depolarization out VGSC open
by stimulus Na + K+
reaches
membrane VGKC closed
threshold Na+ K+
potential
in
 VGSC open
Action potential
generated
Threshold potential
Resting potential

- Action potential
3  Na+ enters the cell out VGSC opened
down gradient
Na+ K+
 Depolarization VGKC closed

near VGSC Na+ K+
in
Threshold potential
Resting potential

- Action potential
4  Na+ enters the cell out VGSC opened
down gradient
Na+ K+
 Depolarization VGKC closed

increases
Na+ K+
in
Threshold potential
Resting potential

- Action potential
out
5  Action potential VGSC close
Peaks Na+ K+
+30mV
VGKC open
 VGSC close
Na+K+
in
 VGSC cannot
respond to stimulus
Refractory period
 VGKC open
Threshold potential
Resting potential

Generation of action potential The process
6  K+ leaves the cell out VGSC closed

down gradient Na+ K+
 Repolarization VGKC opened

starts
Na+K+
in
Threshold potential
Resting potential
A Edexcel Xavier DANIEL, Ph.D.

- Action potential
out
7  K+ leaves the cell VGSC closed
down gradient Na+ K +
 Repolarization VGKC opened

until
Na+ K+
Hyperpolarization
in
Threshold potential
Resting potential

- Action potential
out
8  Na+/K+ pump VGSC closed
against gradients Na+ K+
 Membrane potential VGKC close

returns to Na+ K+
Resting potential in
 VGKC close
 VGSC responsive
again
Ready for new stimulus
Threshold potential
Resting potential Resting potential

- Action potential
Transmission of impulse
Impulse transmitted along nerve fibers
NOT electrical current
Rather momentary reversal in electrical potential

difference across membrane of nerve fibers
=
Change in amounts of anions/cations inside/outside membrane of nerve fibers
Reversal travels along axon in milliseconds

- Action potential
- Generation of action potential Review

- Action potential

- Action potential

Session 5.8 Unit 5: Energy, Exercise and Coordination Topic 8: Grey Matter

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Session 5.

Unit 5: Energy, Exercise and Coordination

Session 5.8 The nervous system and sense organs 1/3

A2 Edexcel Biology Xavier DANIEL, Ph.D.

Unit 5: Energy, Exercise and Coordination

Session 5.8 The nervous system and sense organs 1/3

A2 Edexcel Biology Xavier DANIEL, Ph.D.

Entire organisms (prokaryotes , Animals, Plants)

Receptor and effector often not close

need internal communication Animals’ internal communication

A2 Edexcel Biology Xavier DANIEL, Ph.D.

Unit 5: Energy, Exercise and Coordination

Session 5.8 The nervous system and sense organs 1/3

A2 Edexcel Biology Xavier DANIEL, Ph.D.

 All neurons have cell body: Nucleus + cytoplasm

 From cell body, very fine and long cytoplasmic fibres

 CF specialized for transmission of information = impulses

Speed of impulses = 30-120 meters per second !!!

Nervous coordination extremely FAST motor neuron

Response to stimuli almost instantaneous

A2 Edexcel Biology Xavier DANIEL, Ph.D.

A2 Edexcel Biology Xavier DANIEL, Ph.D.

A2 Edexcel Biology Xavier DANIEL, Ph.D.

2 Judges if worth it sending impulse itself

1 3 Conduction of impulse from cell body

MN have many dendrites

A2 Edexcel Biology Xavier DANIEL, Ph.D.

Wrap themselves around axon to protect it

Between two consecutive Schwann cells

A2 Edexcel Biology Xavier DANIEL, Ph.D.

Myelin is a lipid that prevents ions to go in/out of axon

A2 Edexcel Biology Xavier DANIEL, Ph.D.

A2 Edexcel Biology Xavier DANIEL, Ph.D.

Unit 5: Energy, Exercise and Coordination

Session 5.8 The nervous system and sense organs 1/3

A2 Edexcel Biology Xavier DANIEL, Ph.D.

Reflex arcs and reflex action

One given stimulus always

A2 Edexcel Biology Xavier DANIEL, Ph.D.

Reflex arcs and reflex action

A2 Edexcel Biology Xavier DANIEL, Ph.D.

Unit 5: Energy, Exercise and Coordination

Session 5.8 The nervous system and sense organs 1/3

A2 Edexcel Biology Xavier DANIEL, Ph.D.

A2 Edexcel Biology Xavier DANIEL, Ph.D.

Na+/K+ pump: Active transport Na+ and K+ across cell membrane

A2 Edexcel Biology Xavier DANIEL, Ph.D.

Unit 5: Energy, Exercise and Coordination

Session 5.8 The nervous system and sense organs 1/3

A2 Edexcel Biology Xavier DANIEL, Ph.D.

Impulse transmitted along nerve fibers

NOT electrical current

Rather momentary reversal in electrical potential

Reversal travels along axon in milliseconds

A2 Edexcel Biology Xavier DANIEL, Ph.D.

If transmitted along the axon: Action potential

A2 Edexcel Biology Xavier DANIEL, Ph.D.

A2 Edexcel Biology Xavier DANIEL, Ph.D.

A2 Edexcel Biology Xavier DANIEL, Ph.D.

Let us see this in 8 steps…

A2 Edexcel Biology Xavier DANIEL, Ph.D.

A2 Edexcel Biology Xavier DANIEL, Ph.D.