Infectious Diseases and Microbial Ecology of The Skin and Special Senses

General Microbiology
Topic 1- Finals
Infectious diseases and

microbial ecology of the skin
and special senses
RUBY D. BUENAVISTA
BS Biology II-A
Topic
Content
Infectious diseases of skin
Infectious diseases of nose
Infectious diseases of tongue
Infectious diseases of ears
Infectious diseases of eyes
Infectious Diseases and Microbial Ecology of Skin and Special Senses RUBY B. BUENAVISTA
Topic
Content
Microbial Ecology of Skin
Microbial Ecology of nose
Microbial Ecology of Tongue
Microbial Ecology of Ears
Microbial Ecology of Eyes
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
- are the disorders How do we acquire it?
causes by organisms passed from one person to
such as; Bacteria, another
Viruses, Fungi, or transmitted by insects or
other animals
Parasites.
Consuming contaminated
water and food or being
exposed to organisms in the
environments
INFECTIOUS DISEASES of SKIN
Skin infections are caused by different kinds of
germs.
• Bacteria cause cellulitis, impetigo,
• Viruses cause shingles, warts, and herpes simplex
• Fungi cause athlete's foot
• Parasites cause body lice, head lice, and scabies
(BACTERIAL CAUSES)
CELLULITIS
- is a common potential
serious bacterial skin appears
swallowed and red and
typically painful and warm to
the touch. Usually occur in
face, arms and other areas. it
occurs when crack or break
in your skin allows bacteria
to enter.
INFECTIOUS DISEASES of SKIN (BACTERIAL
CAUSES)
Symptoms
Cellulitis occurs • Red area of skin that tends to expand
when bacteria, most • Swelling
commonly • Tenderness
• Pain
streptococcus and • Warmth
staphylococcus, enter • Fever
through a crack or • Red spots
• Blisters
break in your skin. • Skin dimpling
(BACTERIAL CAUSES)
Prevention
Wash your wound daily
with soap and water.
Apply a protective cream
or ointment.
Watch for signs of infection
Cover your wound with a
bandage
INFECTIOUS DISEASES of SKIN (BACTERIAL CAUSES)
Impetigo
is a common and
highly contagious skin
infection that mainly
affects infants and
children.
Causes SYMPTOMS
Expose and in contact with Red sores that quickly
the sores of someone who's rupture
infected or with items After few days it turns to
they've touched — such as yellowish brown
clothing, bed linen, towels Starts from the mouth
and even toys. and can spread to over the
body
Prevention Prevention
Gentle wash the affected Wear gloves when apply
area with mild soap and antibiotic ointment and wash
running water and cover with your hands.
gauze Cut the nails of infected
Wash the persons clothes person to prevent damage
and towel everyday don’t from scratching
share them to others
INFECTIOUS DISEASES of SKIN (VIRUS CAUSES)
Shingles
Shingles is a viral infection
that causes a painful rash. It
can occur anywhere on your
body, it most often appears as
a single stripe of blisters that
wraps around either the left
or the right side of your
torso.
Causes Symptoms
Shingles caused by Pain, burning, numbness or
varicella-zoster virus — tingling
the same virus that causes Sensitivity to touch
chickenpox. The virus lies
A red rash that begins a
inactive in nerve tissue near
few days after the pain
your spinal cord and brain.
Years later, the virus may Fluid-filled blisters that
reactivate as shingles. break open and crust over
Itching
symptoms Prevention
Some people also vaccines such as — the
experience: chickenpox (varicella)
Fever vaccine and the shingles
Headache (varicella-zoster) vaccine.
Sensitivity to light
Fatigue
Infectious Diseases and Microbial Ecology of Skin and Special Senses RUBY D. BUENAVISTA
Warts
Warts tend to look like
small, fleshy bumps or
growth. The number of
warts can vary, clusters may
develop in a formation that
resembles a cauliflower
Causes
Most cases of warts are commonly caused by the Human
Papilloma Virus (HPV). There are strains of HPV that
specifically affect the genitals but just a few of these strains
cause genital warts.
Symptoms
Appear as raised, flesh-colored lumps or bumps.
The size of warts may vary, and multiple warts may be present at the same
time.
They might appear anywhere on body surfaces that are exposed in sexual
contact, including the vulva, vagina, cervix, or groin in women.
The other symptoms include:
 Itching
 Burning
Tenderness
Herpes simplex
Herpes simplex could be

a viral infection caused by
the herpes simplex virus.
Oral herpes involves the
face or mouth
Symptoms Symptoms
There are group of itchy or Burning once you pee if

painful blisters on your your urine touches the
vagina, vulva, cervix, penis, herpes sores
butt, anus, or inside of your Having trouble urination
thighs. Itching
Pain around your genitals
INFECTIOUS DISEASES of SKIN (FUNGI CAUSES)
Athlete's foot
Athlete's foot (tineapedis) is a

fungal infection that usually
begins between the toes. It
commonly occurs in people
whose feet have become very
sweaty while confined within
tightfitting shoes.
Symptoms Causes
scaly red rash Athlete's foot caused by the

Some types of athlete's same type of fungus that
causes ringworm and jock
foot feature blisters itch.
The infection can affect
one or both feet and can
spread to your hand
Prevention Prevention
Keep your feet dry, especially
Protect your feet in public between your toes
places. Change socks regularly.
Treat your feet. Wear light, well-ventilated
Don't share shoes. shoes.
Alternate pairs of shoes. .
INFECTIOUS DISEASES of SKIN (PARASITE CAUSES)
Body lice infestation

Body lice occurs when a
certain type of lice invade
the body and clothing.
Lice are parasitic insects
that feed on human blood
and can infest the head,
body, and pubic area.
Causes Symptoms
intense itching (pruritus)
rash caused by an
There are three types of lice
that infest humans: allergic reaction to body lice
bites
• body louse red bumps on the skin
(Pediculushumanuscorporis) thickened or darkened skin,
• head louse usually near the waist or groin,
(Pediculushumanuscapitis) if the lice have been there for a
• pubic louse (Pthirus pubis) long time
Prevention
improved personal hygiene and regular changes of clean,
washed clothing with hot water (at least 130 degrees) and
then dried in a machine with hot air.
Medications that kill lice, called pediculicides, may be used
to treat body lice infestation. However, this is usually not
necessary if clothing is laundered and personal hygiene is
maintained. Lice-killing products may be toxic to humans, so
be sure to follow the instructions carefully.
INFECTIOUS DISEASES of SKIN (PARASITECAUSES)
Head Lice
Head lice are tiny insects

that feed on blood from the
human scalp. An infestation
of head lice, called
pediculosiscapitis.
Causes
It feeds on human blood that it extracts from the scalp. The

female louse produces a sticky substance that adheres each
egg to a hair shaft. An egg is attached approximately 3/16
inch (4 millimeters) from the base of the shaft — an
environment that provides an ideal temperature for
incubating the egg.
Symptoms Prevention
Itching. Improve personal hygiene

Lice on scalp. Don't share combs, hat, or
scarf
Lice eggs (nits) on hair
shafts.
Human scabies
It is caused by an infestation
of the skin by the human itch
mite
(Sarcoptesscabiei var. homini
s).
Symptoms PREVENTION
intense itching and a Scabies is prevented by

pimple-like skin rash. The avoiding direct skin-to-skin
scabies mite usually is spread contact with an infested
by direct, prolonged, skin-to- person or with items such as
skin contact with a person clothing or bedding used by
who has scabies. an infested person.
INFECTIOUS DISEASES of SPECIAL SENSES
Infectious Eyes Diseases

Any of the various parts of the eye can be infected.
(1) eyelids and tissue surrounding the eye,
(2) the conjunctiva,
(3) the cornea,
(4) the intraocular area.
INFECTIOUS DISEASES of SPECIAL SENCES
(EYELIDS AND TISSUE SURROUNDING THE EYE)
BLEPHARITIS
The disease is due to an allergic

reaction to the mite which
resides in the eyelash or the
eyebrow. Most often, there is
concomitant seborrhea of the
eyebrows, scalp, lateral nares,
posterior auricular area, and
hirsute portions of the chest.
INFECTIOUS DISEASES of SKIN (EYELIDS AND TISSUE
SURROUNDING THE EYE)
TREATMENT:
ETIOLOGICAL
An appropriate antibiotic
AGENT: Demodexfolliculorum (
(depending on the secondarily
a mite), followed by bacterial
infecting bacteria), a glucosteroid
infection with S. aureus or S.
to reduce inflammation and
epidermidis.
washing of all hairy parts of the
body with a shampoo containing
selenium sulfide.
HORDEOLA (STIES) AND
CHALAZIA
Obstruction of the orifice of a gland
(Meibomian, Zeis, or Moll) seems
to be the primary pathological
event in the formation of hordeola.
A red nodule that is quite painful
develops and is surmounted with a
yellowish top as the lesion matures.
The histopathology is typical of
acute suppurative inflammation.
Chalazia evolve from hordeola that do not

drain spontaneously or are not incised. There
is usually persistent chronic inflammation,
and granuloma formation may occur as
sebaceous secretions are impounded.
TREATMENT:
ETIOLOGICAL
Injection of glucosteroid AGENTS:
such as betamethasone. Generally Staphylococcus
Neomycin. Surgical aureus, but may also be
intervention may also be caused by
necessary to facilitate Pseudomonas aeruginosa
drainage. and Proteus sp.
PERIORBITAL CELLULITIS
Periorbital cellulitis is secondary

to the infection of contiguous
structures-paranasal sinusitis,
osteomyelitis of the facial
bones, conjunctivitis,
panophthalmitis, dental
infections, or infections in the
drainage of the facial veins.
TREATMENT:
ETIOLOGICAL
Large doses of nafcillin or AGENT:
oxacillin for two weeks. Staphylococcus aureus

ACUTE
DACRYOCYSTITIS

Acute dacryocystitis occurs
when both the upper and
lower ends of the drainage
system become partially or
totally obstructed.
TREATMENT:
A penicillinase-resistant ETIOLOGICAL AGENT:

penicillin such as nafcillin S. aureus,
or oxacillin. S.epidermidis,
Streptococcus pneumoniae
(Infections of the Conjunctiva )
EPIDEMIC
CONJUNCTIVITIS
PINKEYE
The only symptoms are

conjunctivitis, either chronic or
acute, and severe inflammation
of the cornea. Diagnosis is via
isolation of the organism ( a
Gam-negative slender rod).
(Infections of the Conjunctiva)
TREATMENT:
ETIOLOGICAL AGENTS:
0.25% solution of zinc
Haemophilus aegypticus
sulfate or 1% ointment of
and/or Moraxella lacunata
chlortetracycline.
INCLUSION BLENNORRHEA OF THE NEWBORN
SWIMMING POOL CONJUNCTIVITIS
The newborn contracts the disease form the mother's
genital tract. In the newborn, clinical signs appear five to 12
days after birth. The conjunctiva becomes inflamed and
thickened, and there is often copious discharge of pus.
Follicles can develop on the conjunctiva, but the disease is
usually self-limiting, resolving spontaneously within a few
months even without treatment.
TREATMENT:
ETIOLOGICAL AGENTS:
Chlamydia trachomatis
Tetracycline .
OCULAR
LYMPHOGRANULOMA
VENEREUM
This is a chlamydial disease

transmitted to the fetus during
passage down the birth canal.
Inflammation begins about
five days after birth and never
results in follicle formation.
TREATMENT:
ETIOLOGICAL AGENTS:
Tetracycline Chlamydia trachomatis
( Infections of the Cornea )
OPHTHALMIA
NEONATORUM
The disease is contracted from a

mother with gonorrhea as the fetus
passes down the birth canal.
Infection does not occur in utero.
At one time about 10% of all cases
of blindness in the United States
was due to this disease. Corneal
inflammation is the major clinical
sign.
(Infections of the Cornea)
TREATMENT:
The treatment for active cases is Penicillin

G or a broad spectrum antibiotic if the ETIOLOGICAL AGENTS:
organism is resistant to penicillin (e.g.,
Spectinomycin).
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
 Most commonly this is an erythromycin

or tetracycline ointment (1%). Silver nitrate
solution has been used in the past but has
been found to induce inflammation.
(Infections of the intraocular area )
ENDOPHTHALMITIS
The most common presenting

symptoms of endophthalmitis are:
ocular pain
decreased vision
headache
photophobia
Clinical signs include conjunctival
injection, eyelid swelling, cells in
aqueous or vitreous, hypopyon and
poor or sheltered red reflex
(Infections of the intraocular area)
2. Systemic. Third generation
TREATMENT:

cephalosporins third or fourth
A vitrectomy or vitreous aspiration is generation penicillins (e.g., piperacillin,
an incision and drainage procedure that ticarcillin) and quinolones
is imperative for initial therapy of (e.g., ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin).
endophthalmitis.
3. Subconjunctival. Cefazolin or
Antibiotic therapy may involve four tobramycin are sometimes used.
modalities:
1. Intravitreal. Vancomycin, 4. Topical. Antibiotic drops are given
cefazolin and gentamicin are possible for the first several days of treatment
antibiotics to inject into the vitreous. every two-four hours.
(Infections of the intraocular area)
ETIOLOGICAL AGENTS:
• Staphylococcus aureus) following intraocular
• Staphylococcus epidermidis ) lens implantation
• Bacillus cereus - following trauma
• Staphylococcus aureus )
• Treptococcus pneumoniae) endogenous
• Streptococcus pyogenes ) (metastatic)

INFECTIOUS DISEASES of SPECIAL SENCES- tongue
Thrush.
A type of yeast infection,

thrush leads to the
development of bumpy
white patches on the tongue.
It is usually treated with an
antifungal medication, often
in liquid form.
Burning mouth syndrome
The exact cause of

burning mouth syndrome, which
creates a burning sensation on the
tongue and other areas of the
mouth, isn't known. It might be
caused by nerve damage, allergies,
nutritional deficiencies or
hormonal changes.
Oral cancer.
Symptoms of
tongue cancer can
include pain in the
tongue, a spot that forms
on the tongue and
difficulty moving the
tongue or jaw.
INFECTIOUS DISEASES of SPECIAL SENCES- Ears
Ear infections are also known as glue ear, secretory

otitis media, middle ear infection, or serous otitis
media.
Viral or bacterial infections can occur in the middle of
the ear. These often cause pain, inflammation, and
fluid buildup.
Symptoms
•tugging or pulling at the ear
•ear pain, especially when lying down
•difficulty sleeping
•crying more than normal
•loss of balance
•difficulty hearing
•fever
•lack of appetite
•headache
Acute otitis media (AOM)
• AOM is the most common

and least serious form of ear
infection. The middle ear
becomes infected and
swollen, and fluid is trapped
behind the eardrum. Fever
can also occur.
Otitis media with

effusion (OME)
• A person with OME

may not experience
symptoms, but a doctor
will be able to spot the
remaining fluid.
Chronic otitis media with effusion

(COME)
• COME refers to fluid repeatedly

returning to the middle ear, with or
without an infection present. This
leads to a reduced ability to fight
other infections and has a negative
impact on hearing ability.
TREATMENT:
Tympanometry
• The doctor uses a device that seals
off and adjusts the pressure inside
the ear canal. The device measures
the movement of the eardrum.
This allows the physician to
determine the pressure of the
middle ear.
TREATMENT:
Acoustic reflectometry
• This method works by bouncing sound against the
eardrum. The amount of sound that is bounced back
indicates fluid buildup levels.
TREATMENT:
Tympanocentesis
• If an ear infection has not responded well to treatment. This
procedure involves creating a small hole in the eardrum and
draining a small amount of fluid from the inner ear. This
fluid can then be tested to determine the cause of the
infection.
INFECTIOUS DISEASES of SPECIAL SENCES- Nose
Sinusitis
It is inflammation of
the paranasal sinuses
due to viral,
bacterial, or fungal
infections or allergic
reactions.
Symptoms
nasal obstruction and Treatment
congestion, Treatment of presumed
purulent rhinorrhea, viral acute rhinitis
facial pain or pressure, includes steam
headache, inhalation and topical or
fever are present. systemic
vasoconstrictors
Deviations of the nasal septum

It is due to developmental abnormalities or
trauma are common but often are
asymptomatic and require no treatment.
Symptoms Treatment
• facial pain, headaches, and
noisy night breathing. septoplasty (septal
reconstruction).

Nasal vestibulitis
It is bacterial infection of the

nasal vestibule, typically
with Staphylococcus
aureus.
INFECTIOUS DISEASES of SPECIAL SENCES-Nose
Symptoms
Treatment
Nose picking or Bacitracin or mupirocin o
excessive nose intment applied topically
blowing and causes bid for 14 days is
annoying crusts and effective.
bleeding when the
crusts slough off.
MICROBIAL ECOLOGY
- it is the study of
microbes in the
environment and
their interactions
with each other.
MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN SKIN
Humans exist in an environment replete with

microorganisms, yet only a few of these
microorganisms become residents on the skin
surface. These resident flora and the skin constitute
a complex ecosystem in which organisms adapt to
changes in the microenvironment and to coactions
among microorganisms.
The skin possesses an assortment of protective

mechanisms to limit colonization, and the
survival of organisms on the surface lies in
part in the ability of the organisms to resist
these mechanisms. Microbial colonization on
the skin adds to the skin's defense against
potentially pathogenic organisms.
Although microbes normally live in synergy with their hosts,

at times colonization can lead to clinical infection.
Common infections consist of superficial infections of the
stratum corneum or appendages, which can respond
dramatically to therapy but commonly relapse. In rare
circumstances these infections can be severe, particularly in
immunocompromised patients or hospitalized patients with
indwelling foreign devices.
MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN SPECIAL SENSES(EARS)
Outer Ear
P. aeruginosa is a Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria
with a flagellum at one pole. P. aeruginosa is a
facultative anaerobe, but prefers aerobic respiration.
This makes it well suited for life on the skin and the
outer ear which is exposed to the oxygen-filled
atmosphere. S. epidermidis is a Gram-positive
firmicute commonly found on the skin of humans.
Inner Ear
The inner ear is completely secluded from the
outside environment. The cochlea, semicircular
canals, and vestibule are enclosed by the bony
labyrinth. This makes it much more difficult for
bacteria to translocate across the oval window. The
immune system is more prevalent in the inner ear
which also reduces the possibility of microbial entry
into the inner ear
Middle Ear
Alpha hemolytic streptococci are known to inhabit the
middle ear. There is a possibility that the alpha hemolytic
streptococci crowd out other bacteria and prevent middle
ear infections. The mechanism by which alpha hemolytic
streptococci are thought to crowd out other pathogenic
bacteria. Lower incidence of alpha hemolytic streptococci
have been observed in children with recurrent middle ear
infections. This is of course a promising path to effective
treatment of ear infections.
MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN SPECIAL SENSES(EYES)
•A small number of bacteria are normally present in

the conjunctiva. The lachrymal glands continuously
secrete tears keeping the conjunctiva moist, while
intermittent blinking lubricates the conjunctiva and
washes away foreign material. Tears contain
bactericides such as lysozyme, so that
microorganisms have difficulty in surviving the
lysozyme and settling on the epithelial surfaces.
MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN SPECIAL SENSES(NOSE)
Nose is a site favored by Staphylococcus

aureus. These demonstrate that nasal
microbiota is not fixed by host genetics and
opens the possibility that nasal microbiota
may be manipulated to prevent or
eliminate S. aureus colonization.
MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN SPECIAL
SENSES(TONGUE)
First, bacteria must be deposited from saliva onto a

surface where it can attach. Then the bacteria, or micro-
organisms, grow and replicate. Since bacteria can grow
exponentiallyin short periods of time, it can quickly
and easily create biofilms. Third, the biofilm matures
and accumulates more mass on the surface. Bacteria
can continue to divide and grow by binary fission until
nutrients begin to run out or their growth is inhibited.
MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN SPECIAL
SENSES(TONGUE)

When this happens there is the final stage, the dispersal or
detachment, causing the death of the bacteria. Some oral
bacteria, Streptococcus gordonii for example, cannot last
for long periods without nutrients, while other types of
bacteria can survive for weeks. While in their prime,
biofilms can cause major damage to a person's teeth and
gums. Though damaging, biofilms can be partly removed
by brushing and flossing and “some of it comes off with
rinsing or eating.”

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General Microbiology

Infectious diseases and

Herpes simplex could be

There are group of itchy or Burning once you pee if

Athlete's foot (tineapedis) is a

scaly red rash Athlete's foot caused by the

Body lice infestation

Head lice are tiny insects

It feeds on human blood that it extracts from the scalp. The

Itching. Improve personal hygiene

intense itching and a Scabies is prevented by

Infectious Eyes Diseases

The disease is due to an allergic

Chalazia evolve from hordeola that do not

Periorbital cellulitis is secondary

A penicillinase-resistant ETIOLOGICAL AGENT:

The only symptoms are

This is a chlamydial disease

The disease is contracted from a

The treatment for active cases is Penicillin

 Most commonly this is an erythromycin

The most common presenting

• Streptococcus pyogenes ) (metastatic)

A type of yeast infection,

Burning mouth syndrome

The exact cause of

Ear infections are also known as glue ear, secretory

Acute otitis media (AOM)

• AOM is the most common

Otitis media with

• A person with OME

Chronic otitis media with effusion

• COME refers to fluid repeatedly

Deviations of the nasal septum

It is bacterial infection of the

Humans exist in an environment replete with

The skin possesses an assortment of protective

Although microbes normally live in synergy with their hosts,

•A small number of bacteria are normally present in

Nose is a site favored by Staphylococcus

First, bacteria must be deposited from saliva onto a

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