Fasteners and Springs

Classification of Fasteners
 Permanent  Temporary
 Welding  Screws
 Brazing  Bolts
 Stapling  Keys
 Nailing  Pins
 Gluing
 riveting
Standardization of Threads
 1841 Sir Joseph Whitworth (England)
 1864 US proposed standards (failed)
 1935 US adopted American Standard
Thread
 1948 US, Canada & Great Britain
Unified Screw Thread
Current Thread System

 ISO (International Organization for

Standardization) metric screw threads
 ANSI (American National Standards
Institute)
4 Uses of Threads

1. Fasten parts together

2. Adjustment between parts
3. Measurement
4. Transmit motion or power
Screw Thread Forms
 Unified National Thread Form (UN)
 ISO Metric Thread Form
 Square Thread Form
 Acme Thread Form
 Worm Thread Form
 Knuckle Thread Form
 Buttress Thread Form
Unified National Thread Form (UN)
ISO Metric Thread Form
Square Thread Form
Acme Thread Form
Worm Thread Form
Knuckle Thread Form
Buttress Thread Form
Thread Terms
 Tap vs Die Process
 The Simplest Method to produce inside and
outside threads.
 Tap – Cuts internal threads; in making an internal
threaded hole, a tap-drilled hole must be drilled
first, hole is approx. the same diameter as the
minor diameter of the threads.
 Die – Cuts external threads.
 Methods for Measuring TPI
1. Place a standard scale on the crest of the threads,
parallel to the axis, and count the number of full
threads within on inch of the scale. or
2. Screw Thread Gage the various fingers or leaves
of the gage are placed over the threads until one is
found that fits exactly into all the threads.
Pitch
 The pitch of any thread regardless of
its thread form or profile, is the
distance from point on a thread to the
corresponding point on the adjacent
thread as measured parallel to its axis.
Pitch is found by dividing the TPI into
one inch
 Single and Multiple Threads
 Single thread is composed of one continues
ridge. The lead of a single thread is equal to
the pitch. Lead is the distance a screw thread
advances axially in one full turn.
 Multiple threads are made up of two or more
continuous ridges following side by side. The
lead of a double thread is equal to twice the
pitch. The lead of a triple thread is equal to
three times the pitch.
Right and Left hand Threads
 It follows the right hand rule
 Right – Clockwise, Left- Anti-Clockwise
 Right hand threads winding tends to
lean towards the left.
Thread Representation
 Schematic

 Simplified
Thread Relief
 Where mating parts must be held
tightly against the shoulder, the last
one or two threads must be removed
or relived.
Screw / Bolt / Stud
 Screw- a fastener that does not use a
nut and is screwed directly into a part.
 Bolt- a threaded fastener that passes
directly through parts that hold them
together.
 Stud- a fastener that is a steel rod with
threads at both ends.
Rivets
 Rivets are permanent mechanical
fasteners that consist of a smooth cylinder
shaft with a head on one end and an
opening on the other end.
Keys and Keyseats
 Key- a demountable part that provides
a positive means of transferring torque
between a shaft and a hub.
 5 major keys= square, flat, gib head,
Pratt & Whitney, and Woodruff.
 Keyseat- an auxiliary located
rectangular groove machined into the
shaft and/or hub to receive the key
Grooved Fasteners
 Used to solve metal-to-metal pinning
needs with shear application
 Great power. Resistant to shock,
vibration, and fatigue
 Have 3 parallel grooves equally
spaced, impressed longitudinally on
there exterior surface.
Spring Pins
Retaining Rings
Springs
 A spring is a mechanical device designed to store energy
when deflected and to return the equivalent amount of energy
when released
 Springs are commonly made of spring steel, which may be
hard-drawn wire, or oil-tempered wire. Other materials used
for compression springs include stainless steel, beryllium
copper, and phosphor bronze. Urethane plastic is used in
applications where conventional springs would be affected by
corrosion, vibration, or acoustic or magnetic forces.
 Springs are classified as:
 Helical springs
 Flat springs
Helical Springs
 Helical springs have three types:
 Compression springs
 Extension springs
 Torsion springs
Helical Springs
Compression Springs
Extension Springs
Torsion Springs
Flat Springs