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UNIT 2: PERSONALITY
DEVELOPMENT

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 Contents

 Introduction and definition of Personality.

 Detrminance of personality.
 Concept of mind.
 Freud theory of personality structure.
 psychosexual development.
 Erik Erikson
 Piaget sullivan

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 PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
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Introduction
 The term personality is derived form the Latin word “persona”

which means the mask worn by the Roman actors during the
dance or music and at play according to the role has to perform.

 In this sense personality means the individual as seen by others.

One’s personality is reflected in his thinking, attitude, interest
etc.

 A person’s physical, mental, emotional and temperamental

make up are all included in the personality of an individual.
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 PERSONALITY continue………..

 We often use the word “personality” by individual’s

external his looks, voice, dress manners and gesturers.
 The external are only one factor or aspect of
personality they do not constitute the whole
personality of an individual.
 People are different and generally proud of their
uniqueness.
 The unique characteristic each person develops in the
course of life is referred to as personality.

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 Definition

1. Personality refers to “the aggregate of the physical and mental

qualities of the individual’s as these interact and function in
characteristic fashion with his environment”.
( Rallph Taylor)

2. Psychologists of Gestalt. School explained personality 'as a pattern

of configuration produced by the integrated functioning of an
individual".

3. Personality can be defined as “the sum total of a person’s

intellectual, emotional and volitional traits and it is revealed by his
appearance, behavior, habit and relationship with other people,
which differentiate him as unique individual or identity”.
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 All 'psychologist agrees on certain common basic

characteristic:-
 One of the quite common fact is that personality
itself is unique.
 The second is that it is the product of its own
functioning. It is an organized whole and not a mere
loose and random combination of different traits.
 Thus, in brief, personality is a comprehensive
concept that give importance on the growth and
behavior of the child as an organized whole.
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 Personality is………
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• A person’s physical, mental, emotional and

1 temperamental make up are all included.

• It is revealed by his appearance, behavior,

2 habit and relationship with other people.

• Every individual are different in personality.

• Which makes him unique individual or
3 identity.

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 DETERMINANTS OF PERSONALITY
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1. Biological
factors

4. Cultural personality 2. Environmental

influence factors

3.
Psychological
/ mental
factors

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 1. Biological factors

The biological factors includes:

 Heredity,

 Endocrine glands,

 Physique

 And nervous system.

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 Heredity factors……….
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 At conception when the egg cell of the female is fertilized by

the sperm cell of the male, each new human beings receives a
genetic inheritance that provides potentialities for
development and behavioral traits throughout a life time.

 The principal raw materials of personality- physique,

intelligence and temperament are the result of heredity.

 According to Mendel, genes are the carriers of hereditary

traits in the sense that they maintain integrity, particular
constitution and properties in unaltered form from one
generation to the next.
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 B . Endocrine glands
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 The secretions of endocrine glands affect physical growth,

emotional growth and mental growth. These will have as
impact on the total personality of an individual.

 Thyroid gland secretes a hormone called thyroxin, and the

main function of this hormone is regulation of body
metabolism. If the thyroid gland is under-active, the result
is usually mental dullness, inactivity, depression, fatigue
and poor appetite. Hyper secretion of these glands leads to
extreme over activity.

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 C . Physique
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 Physique this includes his/ her size, strength, looks and

constitution.
 Physical appearance is the first things that attracts our
attention in meeting a person and our judgment of him is
affected by it. An attractive physical appearance helps to
create self – confidence, poise and self- reliance.
 Generally people are divided in to three groups-
I. tall and thin are typically shy.
II. short and fat are excitable and emotionally unstable.
III. in between person are more balances emotional and
temperamental organization.
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 D . Nervous system
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 Entire behavior is effectively managed and controlled

by the co- ordination and function of the nervous
system.

 How we will behave in a particular situation depends

upon the judgments of our brain.

 The sense impressions, which are received through

sense organs do not bear any significant unless they are
given a meaning by the nervous system.
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 2. Environmental factors

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 A . Family
 B . School/ Education
 C . Teacher
 D . Peer group
 E. Sibling relationship
 F. Mass media

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 A . Family
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 The reaction of the family environment towards an

individual and the role of the parents are very
important in the molding of personality.
 Parents serve as a model whom the child imitates
and their influence is considerable o the child.
 Child learns the moral values, code of conduct,
social norms and methods of interacting with others
from parents.
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 Continue….
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 If the child lives with criticism, he learns to condemn.

 If the child lives with hostility, he learns to fight.
 If the child lives with tolerance, he learns to petient.
 If the child lives with encouragement, he learns to be
confident.
 If the child lives with praise, he learns to be appreciative.
 If the child lives with acceptance, he learns to love.
 If the child lives with recognition, he learns to have a
goal.

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 According to Justus J. Randolph Walden

University (2003)
 According to his cross sectional study among the A
and O level student he could found those student
who has lost their father before age of 5 years are
more deviated on the level of unsocial and
introverted even though their number percentage
in children were less in comparison to all.

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 B . School/ Education

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 There are many factors such as-

 The friendship and acquaintances which are made among
the children themselves.
 The richness of curriculum.
 The presence or the absence of co-curricular activities.
 Methods of teaching.
 The nature of school organization.
 The types of discipline that prevails.
 The well- furnished laboratories, adequate play ground.
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 C . Teacher

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 A teacher is the most important person in the school who

can help in modifying the children’s personality. He is a
most powerful source of stimulation for the child.

 If he/ she possess desirable personal and social modes or

reactions, he will include them among his students.

 On the other hand effects of prejudicial treatment on the

part of teachers can make the child lose self- confidence
and develop low self- esteem.
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 D . Peer group

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 Developmental psychologist believe that interactions

with peers are critical to many of the social skills and
advances that occurs during childhood.

 Peer group refers to other children of the same age who

study with or play with the child.

 Peer groups is much more influential than siblings or

parents.
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 E. Sibling relationship

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 The number of siblings as well as their sex and age

has a considerable influence on the development of
both favorable and unfavorable personality traits like
co- operative, sharing, aggressiveness, jealousy etc.

 Unhealthy comparison between sibling leads

inferiority to the sufferer cause frustation.

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 F. Mass media
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 Mass media includes film, television, radio, printed

literature etc. mass media has a considerable impact on
attitudes, values, beliefs and behavior patterns.

 Baron and Byrne (1996) have shown that individual,

especially children, imitate specific aggressive acts of
models. They have proposed that human personality
formation is a result of modeling and imitating the
behaviour of significant others. Many abnormal forms of
behaviour can be learned by imitating models from the
mass media.
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 3. Psychological / mental factors
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 They include our motives, acquired interest, attitudes our

will and character.

 They also include our intellectual capacities such s

intelligence, reasoning, attention and perception and
imagination.

 These factors determine our reaction in various situations

and thus affect our personality development.
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 4. Cultural influence
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 In every culture, children are subjected to pressure to develop a

personality pattern that will conform that standards set by the
culture.

 The cultural group to which children’s parent’s belongs sets the

model for the approved personality pattern.

 The way children are brought up, thus is responsible for the kind
of personality pattern they develop.

 As they grow older, pressures form the peer groups and from the
adult social group outside the home supplement family and school
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pressure.
 References
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 Townsend MC. Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing- Concepts of Care. 5 th ed.

Philadelphia: F.A Dais Company; 2005.

 Kaplan & sadock. Synopsis of psychiatry – behavioral sciences and clinical

psychiatry. Tenth edition. Lippincott williams & willikins Publis hers; 2012.

 Sarasan & sarasan.abnormal psychology . Eleventh edition. Prentice hall of

India Private limited 2005.

 Sheldon J. korchin. Modern clinical psychology. First edition . CBS publishers

& distributres new delhi India 2004.

 Dr. Niraula S. general psychology with OB emphasis. First edition. Apollo offset
press pvt.ltd, chabahil kathmandu.

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Thank You
Thank You

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