WHITE STONE

GROUP MEMBERS
AKTARUZZAMAN AKASH (201880040136)
MD SARIUL ISLAM (201880040129)
NUR NABI SAJIB (201880040134)
MOHAMMAD BIPLAB MIA (201880040103)
ESTIAK AHMED MOIN (201880040139)
ASHAKE ELAHI (201880040146) (GL)
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 ANCIENT & PRESENT BUILDING
MATERIALS IN BANGLADESH

The historical, traditional & new generated building

materials.
02nd December
2019
ANCIENT BUILDING MATERIALS

Over the years, the interest in ancient construction has grown globally. More have been using natural building materials
in response to an increasing awareness of sustainable building methods. These materials are safe alternatives to toxic
substances. The investment required to build with them is usually higher, because of the labour required to build with
them, but if sourced right and used right, these natural building materials can be more cost-effective in the long run.
Here are a few ancient natural building material:-

1.Bamboo. 5. Thatch.
2. Adobe. 6. Wood.
3. Cob. 7. Terracotta.
4. Mud/clay.

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 TERRACOTTA

Architectural terracotta refers to a fired mixture of clay and water that can be used in a non-structural, semi-structural, or structural
capacity on the exterior or interior of a building. Terracotta is an ancient building material that translates from Latin as "baked earth".
It can be unglazed, painted, slip glazed, or glazed. A piece of terracotta is composed of a hollow clay web enclosing a void space or
cell. Terracotta can be made by pouring or pressing the mix into a plaster or sandstone mold, clay can be hand carved, or mix can be
extruded into a mold using specialized machines. Clay shrinks as it dries from water loss therefore all molds are made slightly larger
than the required dimensions. After the desired green-ware, or air dried, shape is created it is fired in a kiln for several days where it
shrinks even further. The hot clay is slowly cooled then hand finished.

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Thatch
Thatching is a loose term for using straw or grass as a building material. Compared to builders with experience in modern
roofing, thatcher are significantly rarer. The rarity of thatching practitioners and the fact that thatching is a time-consuming
process makes thatched roofs quite costly.
Despite costs, recent years have seen thatch regain popularity, primarily among supporters of natural building methods.
Thatched roofs are favoure for their good insulating properties, their durability, and their unique look

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Bamboo

Bamboo fiber has equivalent tensile strength of 650MPa with tensile strength of steel (500-1000MPa) and much higher
flexibility determined by lower Young = 50GPa compared to steel .
 Some of the important properties of bamboo are [4] :- Average weight – 0.625 kg/m, Modulus of rupture – 610 to 1600
kg/cm2 , Modulus of Elasticity – 1.5 to 2 x105 kg/cm2 , Ultimate compressive stress –794 to 864 kg/cm2, Safe working
stress in compression –105 kg/cm2
The load vs. displacement diagram has
been presented in fig.

• carried out using universal testing machine.

• Test Parameters: Width - 300 mm, Thickness - 65 mm, C/S Area – 19500 mm2
Wood
Initially a popular material mainly for low-rise projects, timber is now a prospective material for
skyscrapers, with the birth of new types of engineered timber. Cross-laminated timber, commonly
referred to as CLT, comprises layers of lumber stacked in alternate directions then adhered together. It
is substantially stronger and more stable than regular wood, yet lighter than steel and concrete.
 Mud house

In Bangladesh, a mud house is one of the traditional housing types that are used by poor families mainly in
rural areas as well as in the outskirts of small cities. This building type is typically one or two stories and
preferably used for single-family housing. In Bangladesh.
The masses of these buildings are generally high and their walls are characterized by insignificant strength,
particularly against forces that act out-of-plane. This type of building is highly vulnerable to both seismic
forces and high pressures due to flood flow. The main load bearing system consists of mud walls of 1.5 to 3.0
ft thickness, which carry the roof load.
 Gravity Load
 The vertical load-resisting -Resisting System is earthen walls. Mud
walls carry gravity loads due to the roof weight and transmit them
to the ground. Rarely, wooden or concrete block lintels assist in
resisting the gravity loads at wall openings. Mud walls are mostly
susceptible to excessive rainfall, which frequently causes the
washing away of mud from the wall.

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 TIN
Tin is a soft, silvery-white metal that is very light and easy to
melt. Being so soft, tin is rarely used as a pure metal;
instead, it is combined with other metals in order to
make alloys that possess tin's numerous beneficial
properties.
 Properties of Tin
 Atomic Symbol: Sn
 Atomic Number: 50
 Element Category: Post-transition Metal
 Density: 7.365g/cm3
 Melting Point: 231.9°C (449.5°F)
 Boiling Point: 2602°C (4716°F)
 Mohr's Hardness: 1.5

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A GREAT EXAMPLE OF PANAM CITY

• Bricks of Panam, the prime construction material have been modelled in different shape like rounded,
angular, arched, pointed semi-circular, curvilinear etc. according to the need of surface articulation. Bricks
are either plastered or left exposed for facade delineation. Angular brick masonry has been used in the area
between the spring point and the crown of the arch, presumably for structural reasons. The thicknesses of
brick masonry walls vary between 50 to 70 cm. Lime mortars have been used primarily for bonding. Roof
stands on joist and made of wood in most cases. I-beam was also used occasionally. Brick vaulted roof
usually covered the small rooms. Plaster decoration have been extensively applied in facade design and
interior decoration. False wooden doors and windows shaped with plaster were also applied as a common
decorative element. Stone quoins have also been copied in brick and plaster. Cast iron brackets, ventilators,
window grill, balusters had been extensively used. Mosaic decoration with broken china locally known as
‘chinitikri’ work was very popular in interior decoration and modest exterior application is also found in
some
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COMMONLY USED BUILDING MATERIALS

1. Water 5.Aggregate
2. Sand 6.Lime
3. Brick 7.Reinforcement
4. Cement

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WATER

Water is very important ingredient of concrete, because it helps in the chemical reactions of cement for gaining strength.
Water used in construction works shall be clear, free from oil, acid, alkali, salts, organic materials shall be drinkable.
Impurities in water may affects the setting time of cement, strength of concrete and cause corrosion of reinforcement. The
strength of concrete up to 50%. The pH-value of water to be used in concrete should not be less than 6. Water is measured by
volume, as so many liters per bag of cement as specified according to slump test.
An increases of 10% of water above the optimum amount increases work ability but may reduce the strength by 15%
approximately and an increases 50% of water above the optimum amount may reduce the strength by 50%. With an excess of
more than 50%, the concrete become in-adhesive . Alternatively a small amount of water decreases the strength and about 10%
less than minimum may be in sufficient to ensure complete setting of cement and may produce an unworkable concrete.
28 days strength of concrete is reduce by 10-15% if sea water is used but IS 446-1978 does not recommend the use of concrete
with sea water for normal work.

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Sand and its properties
Sand should be of pure silica(sio3). It should be free from injurious amount of organic and inorganic impurities. Sand
should conform to the following requirement and BDS 143: 1963,ASTMC 40-92, C 87-83(1990)

•The grading shall be within the range  The fineness modulus of sand shall be

sieves No.8 No.16 No.30 No.50 No.100 Types of sand Fineness Modulus
Fine sand 2.2-2.6
%passi 100-92 74-90 45-75 30-50 0-6 Medium sand 2.6-2.9
ng
Coarse sand 2.9-3.2

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BRICK
Common building brick is most extensively used materials of construction . Brick are classified into different
categories.
 Ordinary brick Brick made of :
 Ceramics brick •Silica ( sand) = 50% to 60%
•Alumina (elloy) = 20% to 30%
 Special purpose bricks like fire bricks used in
•Lime =2% to 5%
furnace etc.
•Iron oxide = ≤ 7%
•Magnesia = ≤ 1%

Size of brick Compressive Strength of Bricks.

Standard dimensions of brick shall be (i)  first class brick is 105 kg/cm2.
215mm X 102.5MM X 65MM (ii)  2nd class brick is 70 kg/cm2.
Brick weight 2.27kg (iii)  common building brick is 35 kg/cm2.
Crushing strength not less than 150 kg/cm2
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Cement
Cement is a binding materials which is obtained by burning together at high temperature calcareous, siliceous
and argillaceous raw materials mixed in definite proportion and crushing the resulting clinkers to a fine powder.

Types of cement
5.Clay cement
6.Masonary cement
1.Portland cement 7.Air entraining
2.White cement 8.Pazzolanic silica cement
3.Colour cement
Manufacture of cement : the principle chemical constituents of cement are 60 to 67% lime, 17 to 25% silica 3 to
4.Aluminous cement
8 percent alumina. Which is subsequently heated ,dried, calcined and ground to a very fine powder.

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Compressive strength & Tensile strength
Compressive strength Ordinary cement
3 days 16 kg/cm2
7 days 220 kg/cm2
Tensile strength Ordinary cement Rapid hardening cement
After 1 days - 20kg/cm2(2N/mm2)
After 2 days 20kg/cm2 (2N/mm2) 30kg/cm2 (3N/mm2)
After 7 days 25kg/cm2 (2.5N/mm2) -
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AGGREGATES

Aggregate are very important constitutes of concrete, because they increase volume of concrete, reduce
shrinkage during setting of cement and make concrete economical. The properties of workability,
strength, durability and economy are greatly influenced by aggregate.

The aggregate can be classified:

a. Natural sand
b. Crushed stone sand
1.Fine aggregate
c. Crushed gravel sand

2.Coarse aggregate
a. Brick chips
b. Stone chips

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(i). Fine aggregate : Such as sand gravel, cursed fine stone and stone dust( up to 4.75 mm size)
is sieve contain not more than 5% coarser materials.

a). Natural sand: Fine aggregate resulting from the natural disintegration of rocks and which has been deposited by streams or glacial
agencies.
(B). crushed stone sand: Fine aggregate produced by crushing of hard stone.
(C). Crushed gravel sand: Fine aggregate produce by crushing of natural gravel.

(ii). Coarse aggregate : crushed rock such as sand stone, granite, basalt, quartzite, granite etc.(between 4.57mm to 60mm size)
a) brick chips : brick chips made from bricks shall conform to the following requirements :-

Minimum RCC walls, Heavily Lightly Un-reinforced

dimension of beams and reinforcement reinforced member(mm)
the columns(mm) slab(mm) slab(mm)
section(mm)
65 12 20 20 20
150 20 40 40 40
300 40 40 80 80
750 & over 40 80 80 150

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 STONE CHIPS

Stones one of the most important building materials in civil engineering. Stones are derived from rocks ,
which from the earth’s crust and have no definite shape or chemical combination but are mixtures of two or
more minerals

CHARACTERISTICS OF BUILDING STONES

There are many stones available in nature. Namely, Granite ,Limestone, Marble, Basalt, Chalk, Sand
stone, Quartzite, Laterite, slate, Pumica stone etc.
In our country three main types of stones are used in construction as stone chips which form concrete
when mixed with sand cement and water these are
1. Pea gravels, normal size is 3/4” and below . Dose not require crushing .
2. Shingles , normal size is bigger than pea gravels but less than 3”. It requires braking into chips .
3. Boulders ,bigger than 3”.It needs breaking .
LIME
LIME
Lime is one of the most important building material used since ancient times. Lime has been used as a
cementing material in many historical constructions in India. Lime is not only important material for building
purposes, it is also used in so many other manufacturing processes.
Types of Lime
Limes are mainly of three types:
(i) Fat Lime.   (ii) Hydraulic Lime.   (iii) Poor Lime.

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REINFORCING STEEL/ M.S. BAR

The tensile strength of concrete is only about 10% of its compressive strength. Hence concrete can not be relied upon to take a
high tensile load. To over come this deficiency , steel bars are embedded in the concrete to from a composite unit such that the
concrete with stands compression and steel tension. It should be noted that this combination, known as reinforced concrete, is
an efficient unit. Common steel is billet. Billet has three grades, namely.

a) Structural grade.
b) Intermediate grade.
c) Hard grade.
Intermediate grade is used in construction.
Steel is an Iron-carbon alloy having a carbon content less than 2.0 percent and generally bellow 1.5 percent.
There are four grades of steel depending upon the percentage of carbon:
1) Soft , mild or low-carbon steel containing from 0.60 to 1.5 percent carbon.
2) Medium carbon steel containing from 0.15 to 0.30 percent carbon.
3) Medium high carbon steel containing from 0.30 to 0.60 percent carbon.
4) High carbon steel containing from 0.60 to 1.5 percent carbon.

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a) Hardness of rods
more the carbon contents, more is the hardness of steel. Strong steel means high carbon contain in
it. Lesser percentage of carbon is present in mild steel for which it is possible to shape it in any
from. High carbon steel is also used in pre-stressed concrete .

b)Data on M.S. Bar

mild steel round bars conforming to BDS 1313:91 A-36-91/BNBC 5.3.3. BS 4449 or ASTM A-36/A-
15 or BS 785 or equivalent requirements as stated below shall be used as reinforcing steel.

Yield strength, fy: Not less than 275MN/sq.m(40000psi) or 2813 kg/cm2

 ultimate tensile strength: Not less than 400MN/sq.m (60000 psi)
 percentage elongation (50 mm gauge): Minimum 23%

c) Deformed Bars (BNBC 5.32 BDS 1313)

A twisted bar has considerable increased yield stress, about 50% more than that of ordinary mild steel bar. Their use can
permit higher working stress and hence considerable saving in quantity of steel can be achieved by use of deformed bars.
For deformed bars working stress of 1900 to 2100 kg/cm2 may be taken for tension .
 Grade Normal size Tensile strength N/mm2 Minimum, elongation
gauge length (Lo)%3
250 All sizes 250 22
275 // 275 20
350 // 350 14
400 // 400 12
500 // 500 8

d) Steel reinforcement
Reinforcing steel shall be deformed bars of grade 40 and grade 60 having fy equals to 275 Mpa and 400 Mpa
respectively.
Allowable tensile values of reinforcing bars shall be:
a) fs=125 Mpa (18000 psi) with mild steel deformed bars grade 40 having minimum fy=276MPa (40000 psi)
b) Fs=165 Mpa (24000 psi) with deformed bars grade 60 having minimum fy =415MPa (60000psi)

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4 Types of Steel
According to the American Iron & Steel Institute (AISI), Steel can be categorized into four basic groups based on the chemical
compositions:
1.Carbon Steel
2.Alloy Steel
3.Stainless Steel
4.Tool Steel

Carbon Steels
Carbon steels contain trace amounts of alloying elements and account for 90% of total steel production. Carbon steels can be further
categorized into three groups depending on their carbon content:
Low Carbon Steels/Mild Steels contain up to 0.3% carbon
Medium Carbon Steels contain 0.3-0.6% carbon
High Carbon Steels contain more than 0.6% carbon

Alloy Steels
Alloy steels contain alloying elements (e.g. manganese, silicon, nickel, titanium, copper, chromium, and aluminum) in
varying proportions in order to manipulate the steel's properties, such as its harden ability, corrosion resistance,
strength, formability, weld ability or ductility. Applications for alloys steel include pipelines, auto parts, transformers,
power generators and electric motors.
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 Stainless Steels
Stainless steels generally contain between 10-20% chromium as the main alloying element and are valued
for high corrosion resistance. With over 11% chromium, steel is about 200 times more resistant to corrosion
than mild steel. These steels can be divided into three groups based on their crystalline structure:

1. Austenitic steels.
2.  Ferritic steels
3. Martensitic steels 

Tool Steels
Tool steels contain tungsten, molybdenum, cobalt and vanadium in varying quantities to increase heat resistance and
durability, making them ideal for cutting and drilling equipment. 

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PROPERTIES OF STEELS

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Mass Timber

The use of timber steadily decreased in commercial

construction projects. Concrete and steel have been the
preferred option due to their strength and fire resistance.
However, timber is making a comeback in 2019 in the
form of mass timber, which is essentially solid wood that
has been laminated and panelise to increase strength and
durability.
Using mass timber allows builders to lower the carbon
footprint of buildings by trapping carbon from the
atmosphere, and to reduce the cost of building materials.

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The CABKOMA strand rod

The Komatsu Seiten Fabric Laboratory, based in

Japan has created a new material called the
CABKOMA Strand Rod. It is a thermoplastic
carbon fiber composite.

 The strand is the lightest seismic reinforcement

and is very aesthetically pleasing
 A single strand of CABKOMA Strand Rod of 160
meter length weighs only 12 kg which is 5 times
lighter compared to a metal rod.

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Cigarette butts to make bricks and pavements

Cigarette butts are another innovative material that can be used

in construction. They can be infused into bricks and pavements,
where they provide durability and efficiency to building materials.

 The bricks made from cigarette buts are often lighter,

more convenient to use, and highly energy efficient
 the team sealed cigarette butts in bitumen and paraffin
wax, then combined them with hot asphalt. The
resulting pavement was not only functional but, like the
bricks, better for the surrounding environment. The
inclusion of the bitumen decreased the pavement's
ability to conduct heat, which could help keep already
overheated cities cooler.

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Light generating cement

Dr. José Carlos Rubio Ávalos from UMSNH of Morelia, has created

cement that has the ability to absorb and irradiate light. With this new
light generating cement the potential uses and application of it can be
huge.
Therefore, the implications of cement acting as a ‘light bulb’ are very
broad. We can use them in swimming pools, parking lots, road safety
signs and much much more.

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Self-healing concrete

Self-healing concrete is also a new entry in the family of

the materials used in construction and we are really
excited about it!
Dutch civil engineer, Dr. Schlangen at Delft
University has created a self-healing concrete

 The process of self-healing of cracks or self-filling up of

cracks by the help of bacterial reaction in the concrete
after hardening is known as Self-Healing Concrete.
 It can be observed that small cracks that occur in a
structure of width in the range of 0.05 to 0.1mm gets
completely sealed in repetitive dry and wet cycles. The
mechanism of this autogenously healing is, the width of
range 0.05-0.1mm act as capillary and the water
particles seep through the cracks. These water particles
hydrate the non or partial reacted cement and the 35
cement expands, which in turn fills the crack.
Many others materials

• Cooling system in bricks

•Floating piers
• Pollution absorbing bricks
•Cardboard 
•Programmable Cement
• Bendable Concrete

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