Heat Conduction Through Solids in

Parallel
Conduction can occur in
a section with two
different materials in
parallel between the
same potential
Heat Conduction Through Solids in
Parallel

𝒒𝑨 𝑞𝑇 = 𝑞𝐴 + 𝑞𝐵
𝒒𝑻

𝒒𝑩
Heat Conduction Through Solids in
Parallel
𝑞𝑇 = 𝑞𝐴 + 𝑞𝐵

𝑇1 −
𝑞𝑇 = ∆𝑥 +
𝑇2
𝑘𝐴𝐴𝐴
Heat Conduction Through Solids in
Parallel
𝑞𝑇 = 𝑞𝐴 + 𝑞𝐵

𝑇1 − 𝑇1 −
𝑞𝑇 = ∆ 𝑥 + ∆ 𝑥
𝑇2 𝑇2
𝑘𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑘𝐵𝐴𝐵
Heat Conduction Through Solids in
Parallel
𝑞𝑇 = 𝑞𝐴 + 𝑞𝐵
𝑇1 − 𝑇 2 𝑇1 −
𝑞𝑇 = ∆ 𝑥 + ∆ 𝑥
𝑇2
𝑘𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑘𝐵𝐴𝐵

1 + 1
𝑞𝑇 = 𝑇1 −
𝐴𝑅 𝐵
𝑅 𝑇2
Heat Conduction Through Solids
in Series/Parallel
Configuration
𝑞𝐴 = 𝑞𝐵 + 𝑞𝐶 + 𝑞𝐷 = 𝑞𝐸 = 𝑞𝐹 + 𝑞𝐺 = 𝑞𝑇
 CHE133P
Heat
and
Transfe
r Mass
Conduction with Internal
Engr. Ria Grace P.
LECTURE 9
Abdon Malayan Heat
Colleges Laguna
 Conduction with Internal Heat
Generation
In certain systems, heat is generated inside the conducting
medium.
nuclear
Eletric food
resistance rods
heaters

When a chemical
reaction is
occurring
Heat Generation in a Plane Wall
Heat Generation in a Plane Wall

= 𝒒𝒙|𝒙 + ∆𝒙
𝒒𝒙|𝒙 + 𝒒ሶ ∆𝒙
∙𝑨
 Heat Generation in a Plane Wall

= 𝒒𝒙|𝒙 + ∆𝒙
𝒒𝒙|𝒙 + 𝒒ሶ ∆𝒙
∙ 𝑨 −𝒅𝒒𝒙
Dividing by Δx , rearranging
and letting Δx + 𝒒 ∙ 𝑨 ሶ
approaches 0,
𝒅𝒙
=𝟎
 Heat Generation in a Plane Wall

= 𝒒𝒙|𝒙 + ∆𝒙
𝒒𝒙|𝒙 + 𝒒ሶ ∆𝒙
∙ 𝑨 −𝒅𝒒𝒙
Dividing by Δx , rearranging
and letting Δx + 𝒒 ∙ 𝑨 ሶ
approaches 0,
𝒅𝒙
=𝟎
Substituting Fourier
Equation: 𝒅 𝟐𝑻 ሶ
𝒒ሶ𝟐 + = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙 𝒌
Heat Generation in a Plane Wall
𝟐
𝒅𝑻 ሶ
𝒒 ሶ𝟐 + = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙 𝒌
Heat Generation in a Plane Wall
𝟐
𝒅𝑻 ሶ
𝒒 ሶ𝟐 + = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙 𝒌
Integrating:
� 𝟐
𝑻=− � 𝒙 + 𝑪 𝟏𝒙 + 𝑪𝟐
𝟐𝒌
ሶ
 Heat Generation in a Plane Wall
𝟐
𝒅𝑻 ሶ
𝒒 ሶ𝟐 + = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙 𝒌
Integrating:
� 𝟐
𝑻=− � 𝒙 + 𝑪 𝟏𝒙 + 𝑪𝟐
𝟐𝒌
Boundary x=L or –L, ሶ
Conditions:
and at x=0, T=T0 T=T (center
w

temperature), temperature
profile is � 𝟐
𝑻 = − � 𝒙 + 𝑻𝟎
𝟐𝒌
Heat Generation in a Plane Wall
The center
temperature,
To
𝒒ሶ
𝑻𝒐 = − + 𝑻𝒘
𝑳𝟐𝒌
𝟐
 Heat Generation in a Plane Wall
The center
temperature,
To
𝒒ሶ
𝑻𝒐 = − + 𝑻𝒘
𝑳𝟐𝒌
𝟐

The total heat loss from

the two faces at steady
state is the heat 𝒒ሶ 𝒓 𝟐𝑳𝑨
generated, Where A i s the cross - sectional area(
= 𝒒ሶ
surface area at Tw) ofthe plate.
 Heat Generation in a Cylinder
The heat is assumed to flow only
radially;
the ends are neglected or
insulated. �
Temperat 𝑹 𝟐 − 𝒓𝟐 + 𝑻𝒘
ure
𝑻 = �
𝟒𝒌
profile:
ሶ

The center 𝒒ሶ
𝑻𝟎 = + 𝑻𝒘
temperature T0 𝑹𝟒𝒌
𝟐
 CHE133P
Heat
and
Transfe
r Mass
Convective Heat
Engr. Ria Grace P.
LECTURE
Abdon Malayan Transfer
Colleges Laguna 10
 Convection
What happens to the
particles in a liquid
or a gas when they
are heated?
Convecti
on
Convectio
n
Why?
Convection

The particles
spread out and
become less
Convection

The particles The

spread out and fluid
become less
dense rises
Convection

The particles The

spread out and fluid
become less
dense rises
Convecti
on Convection is the
transfer of heat by bulk
transport and mixing of
macroscopic elements of
warmer portion with
cooler portions of a gas
 Convection Natural
Convection.

Convection is the transfer of heat by bulk Warmer or cooler

transport and mixing of macroscopic elements fluid next to the
of warmer portion with cooler portions of a solid surface
gas or a liquid. causes a
circulation because
of a density
difference
 Convection Forced
Convection.

Convection is the transfer of heat by bulk Fluid if forced to

transport and mixing of macroscopic elements flow past a
of warmer portion with cooler portions of a surface by a
gas or a liquid. pump, fan or
other mechanical
means.
 Where is the
freezer
compartment
put in a fridge?
 Freezer
compartment

It is put at the
top, because
cool air sinks, so
it cools the food It is warmer at the bottom,
on the way so this warmer air rises
and a convection current
down. is set up.
 CHE133P
Heat
and
Transfe
r Mass
Engr. Ria Grace P. Convection
LECTURE
Abdon
Malayan Colleges Calculations
11
 Convection
When fluid outside the solid surface
is in
forced or in natural convective
motion,
 Convection
When fluid outside the solid surface
is in
forced or in natural convective
motion,
The rate of heat transfer from the solid
to the fluid, or vice versa, by the
following equation:
 Convection
When fluid outside the solid surface
is in
forced or in natural convective
motion,
The rate of heat transfer from the solid
to the fluid, or vice versa, by the
following equation:

𝒒 = 𝒉𝑨 𝑻𝒔 − 𝑻𝒇
 Convection
𝒒 = 𝒉𝑨 𝑻𝒔 − 𝑻𝒇
Where:
𝑞 = ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑊
 Convection
𝒒 = 𝒉𝑨 𝑻𝒔 − 𝑻𝒇
Where:
𝑞 = ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑊
𝐴 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑖𝑛 𝑚 2
 Convection
𝒒 = 𝒉𝑨 𝑻𝒔 − 𝑻𝒇
Where:
𝑞 = ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑊
𝐴 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑖𝑛𝑚 2

𝑇𝑠 = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒

 Convection
𝒒 = 𝒉𝑨 𝑻𝒔 − 𝑻𝒇
Wher 𝑞 = ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑊
𝐴 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑖𝑛 𝑚 2
e:
𝑇𝑠 = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒
𝑇𝑓 = 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑘 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝐾
 Convection
𝒒 = 𝒉𝑨 𝑻𝒔 − 𝑻𝒇
Wher 𝑞 = ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑊
𝐴 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑖𝑛 𝑚 2
e:
𝑇𝑠 = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑
𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒
𝑇 = 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑘 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝐾
𝑓

𝒉 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒇𝒆𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝑾/𝒎 𝟐

 Convective Heat Transfer
is a function of:
Coefficients
heat transfer coefficient, h

• the system geometry

• fluid properties
• flow velocity
• temperature difference
 Convective Heat Transfer
is a function of:
Coefficients
heat transfer coefficient, h

• the system
• fluid properties
geometry
• flow velocity
• temperature difference
 Convective Heat Transfer
is a function of:
Coefficients
heat transfer coefficient, h

• the system
geometry
• flow
fluid velocity
properties
• temperature difference
 Convective Heat Transfer
is a function of:
Coefficients
heat transfer coefficient, h

• the system
geometry
• fluid properties
•• temperature
flow velocitydifference
 Convective Heat Transfer
is a function of:
Coefficients
heat transfer coefficient, h

• the system geometry

• fluid properties
• flow velocity
• temperature
difference
 Convective Heat Transfer
is a function of: Coefficients
heat transfer coefficient, h When a fluid flows by a
surface, there is a thin
, almost stationary layer or
•the system geometry film of fluid the wall
adjacent
•fluid properties to
represent which
•flow velocity sresistance to heat
most of
transfer the
•temperature difference We often call the
coefficient
h, a film coefficient
 Convective Heat Transfer
is a function of: Coefficients
heat transfer coefficient, h When a fluid flows by a
surface, there is a thin
, almost stationary layer or
•the system geometry film of fluid the wall
adjacent
•fluid properties to which
•flow velocity resistance to heat
represents mosttransfer
of
the
•temperature difference We often call the
coefficient
h, a film coefficient
Convective
Heat
Transfer
Coefficient
s Conversion factor
Convective
Heat
Transfer
Coefficients
Conversion
factor
Convecti
on driving force

𝒒 = 𝒉𝑨 𝑻𝒔 − 𝑻𝒇𝑻 − 𝑻𝒇
𝒔
𝒒
𝟏
=
The thermal resistance
𝒉𝑨 to convection heat
transfer Rc,
 Convection
𝒒 = 𝒉𝑨 𝑻𝒔 − 𝑻𝒇
driving force
𝑻𝒔 − 𝑻𝒇
𝒒= 𝟏

𝒉𝑨 The thermal
resistance to
convection heat
transfer Rc,
 Convection
𝒒 = 𝒉𝑨 𝑻𝒔 − 𝑻𝒇
driving force

𝑻𝒔 − 𝑻 𝒇
𝒒=
𝟏 The thermal
𝒉𝑨 resistance to
convection heat
transfer Rc,
Convection
Problem 1
For heat transfer purposes, a standing man
can be modeled as a 30-cm-diameter, 170-cm-
long vertical cylinder with both the top and
bottom surfaces insulated and with the side surface
at an average temperature of 34°C. For a
convection heat transfer coefficient of 20 W/m2
°C, determine the rate of heat loss from this man by
convection in an environment at 18°C.
For heat transfer 18°C
purposes, a standing man
can be modeled as a 30-
cm-diameter, 170-cm- 34°C
long vertical cylinder
with both the top and
bottom
side surfaces
surface at aninsulated
averag
q
and with the of
temperature
convectio
34°C. heat
e
transfe
For a
=
n
coefficient of 20
determine the
r
rate W/m
of heat
2 ?
loss from this man °C, by
convection in an
environment at 18°C.
Combined Convection and
Conduction
Combined Convection and
Conduction

convectio
n
 Combined Convection and
Conduction
𝑞 = ℎ𝑖 𝐴 𝑇 1 −
𝑇2
convectio
n
 Combined Convection and
Conduction
𝑞 = ℎ𝑖 𝐴 𝑇 1 −
𝑇2
convectio
n
conductio
n
 Combined Convection and
Conduction
𝑘𝐴 𝑇 − 𝐴 2
𝑞 = ℎ𝑖 𝐴 𝑇 1 − 𝑞=
𝑇3 ∆𝑥
𝑇2
convectio
n
conductio
n
 Combined Convection and
Conduction
𝑘𝐴 𝑇 − 𝐴 2
𝑞 = ℎ𝑖 𝐴 𝑇 1 − 𝑞=
𝑇3 ∆𝑥
𝑇2
convectio
n
conductio convectio
n n
 Combined Convection and
Conduction
𝑘𝐴 𝑇 − 𝐴 2
𝑞 = ℎ𝑖 𝐴 𝑇 1 − 𝑞= 𝑞 = ℎ 0𝐴 𝑇 3 −
𝑇3 ∆𝑥 𝑇4
𝑇2
convectio
n
conductio convectio
n n
 Combined Convection and
Conduction
𝑘𝐴 𝑇 − 𝐴 2
𝑞 = ℎ𝑖 𝐴 𝑇 1 − 𝑞= 𝑞 = ℎ 0𝐴 𝑇 3 −
𝑇3 ∆𝑥 𝑇4
𝑇2
convectio
n
conductio convectio
Conduction, n n
convection and
radiation are just
modes to transfer
 Combined Convection and
Conduction
𝑘𝐴 𝑇 − 𝐴 2
𝑞 = ℎ𝑖 𝐴 𝑇 1 − 𝑞= 𝑞 = ℎ 0𝐴 𝑇 3 −
𝑇3 ∆𝑥 𝑇4
𝑇2
convectio
n
conductio convectio
Conduction, n n
convection and The rate of heat
radiation are just transfer is the same
modes to transfer
Combined Convection and
Conduction
Treating the system
as heat in series
 Combined Convection and
Conduction
Treating the system
as heat in series

𝑇1 −
𝑞= 1 ∆𝑥 1
+𝑇4
𝐴
+
ℎ𝑖𝐴 𝑘𝐴𝐴 ℎ𝑜𝐴
 Combined Convection and
Conduction
Treating the system
as heat in series

𝑇1 −
𝑞=
𝟏 𝑇4∆𝑥𝐴 1
+ +
𝒉𝒊𝑨 𝑘𝐴𝐴 ℎ𝑜𝐴
 Combined Convection and
Conduction
Treating the system
as heat in series

𝑇1 −
𝑞=
1 𝑇∆𝒙
4 𝑨 1
+
ℎ𝑖𝐴 𝒌𝑨𝑨 + ℎ𝑜𝐴
 Combined Convection and
Conduction
Treating the system
as heat in series

𝑇1 −
𝑞=
1 𝑇4∆𝑥𝐴 𝟏
+ +
ℎ𝑖𝐴 𝑘𝐴𝐴 𝒉𝒐𝑨
Combined Convection and
Conduction
Treating the system as heat in series
𝑇1 −
𝑞=
1 𝑇4∆𝑥𝐴 1
+ +
ℎ𝑖𝐴 𝑘𝐴𝐴 ℎ𝑜𝐴
Combined Convection and
Conduction
Treating the system as heat in series
𝑇1 −
𝑞=
1 𝑇4∆𝑥𝐴 1
+ +
ℎ𝑖𝐴 𝑘𝐴𝐴 ℎ𝑜𝐴
𝑇1 −
𝑞=
𝑇4σ 𝑅
Combined Convection and
Conduction
The overall heat transfer by combined
conduction and convection is often expressed in
terms of an overall heat- transfer coefficient U
defined by:
Combined Convection and
Conduction
The overall heat transfer by combined
conduction and convection is often expressed in
terms of an overall heat- transfer coefficient U
defined by:

𝑞 = 𝑈𝐴∆𝑇𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙
Combined Convection and
Conduction
The overall heat transfer by combined
conduction and convection is often expressed in
terms of an overall heat- transfer coefficient U
defined by:

𝑞 = 𝑈𝐴∆𝑇𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙
Wher ∆𝑇𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝑇1 − 𝑇4
e:
Combined Convection and
Conduction
The overall heat transfer by combined
conduction and convection is often expressed in
terms of an overall heat- transfer coefficient U
defined by:

𝑞 = 𝑈𝐴∆𝑇𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙
Wher ∆𝑇𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝑇1 − 𝑇4
e:
1 𝑾 𝑩𝑻𝑼
𝑈 = 1 ∆𝑥𝐴 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑟
1 𝒎𝟐𝑲 𝒉𝒇𝒕𝟐𝑭
ℎ𝑖 + 𝑘𝐴 + ℎ
0
Combined Convection and
Conduction
A more importa
applicatio ntis
transfe
n fromheat
a
r a fluid
outside
through cylinder,
a metal
wall, and to a fluid
inside the tube ,
as in heat
exchangers
Combined Convection and
Conduction
𝑇1 −
𝑞= 𝑟
𝑇4
1 𝑙𝑛 0𝑟 1
+ 𝑖 +
ℎ𝑖𝐴𝑖 2𝜋𝐿𝑘𝐴 ℎ𝑜𝐴𝑜
where

𝐴𝑖 = 2𝜋𝐿𝑟𝑖 (𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙

𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒)
Combined Convection and
Conduction
The overall heat-transfer coefficient U for the cylinder may be based
on the inside area, Ai, or the outside area Ao of the tube, Hence:.
𝑞 = 𝑈𝑖𝐴𝑖 𝑇1 − 𝑇4 = 𝑈0𝐴𝑜 𝑇1 − 𝑇4
𝑈𝒊 = 1
1 𝑟 − 𝑟 𝐴𝐴
𝑜 𝑖 𝑖
+ 𝑖 +𝐴 ℎ
ℎ𝑖 𝑘𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐿𝑀 0 𝑜

𝑈𝒐 = 1
𝐴 𝑟 − 𝑟 𝐴1
0 𝑜 𝑖 𝑜
+ +
𝐴𝑖ℎ𝑖 𝑘𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐿𝑀 ℎ𝑜
Combined Convection and
Conduction
The overall heat-transfer coefficient U for the
cylinder may be based on the inside area, Ai,
or the outside area Ao of the tube, Hence:.

𝑞 = 𝑈𝑖 𝐴𝑖 𝑇1 − 𝑇4 = 𝑈0𝐴𝑜 𝑇1 −
1
𝑇𝑈4𝒊 = 1 𝑟 − 𝑟 𝐴 𝐴
𝑜 𝑖 𝑖 𝑖 + +𝐴 ℎ
ℎ𝑖 𝑘𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐿𝑀 0 𝑜

𝑈𝒐 = 1
𝐴 𝑟 −𝑟 𝐴 1
0 𝑜 𝑖 𝑜
𝐴𝑖ℎ𝑖 + 𝑘 𝐴 +ℎ
𝐴 𝐴𝐿𝑀 𝑜
 Combined Convection and
the Conduction
The overall heat-transfer coefficient U for
cylinder may be based on the inside
area, Ai, or the outside area Ao of the
tube, Hence:.
𝑞 = 𝑈𝑖 𝐴𝑖 𝑇1 − = 𝑈0𝐴𝑜 𝑇1 −
𝑇4 𝑈𝒊 = 𝑟 𝑇4
1 𝑙𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝐴1𝑖 𝐴𝑖
+ 𝑖 +
ℎ𝑖 2𝜋𝐿𝑘𝐴 𝐴0ℎ𝑜
𝑈𝒊 = 1 1
𝑟𝑜 𝑈𝒐 = 𝑟𝑜
1 𝑟𝑖 𝑙𝑛 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑙𝑛
𝑖 𝑖 𝑟 𝑖 𝑟1
𝑜 𝑖

ℎ𝑖 + 𝑘𝐴 +𝑟 ℎ
0 𝑜 𝑟𝑖ℎ𝑖 + 𝑘𝐴 +ℎ
𝑜
 Combined Convection and
the Conduction
The overall heat-transfer coefficient U for
cylinder may be based on the inside
area, Ai, or the outside area Ao of the
tube, Hence:.
𝑞 = 𝑈𝑖 𝐴𝑖 𝑇1 − = 𝑈0𝐴𝑜 𝑇1 −
𝑇4 𝑈𝒊 = 𝑟 𝑇4
1 𝑙𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝐴1𝑖 𝐴𝑖
+ 𝑖 +
ℎ𝑖 2𝜋𝐿𝑘𝐴 𝐴0ℎ𝑜
1 𝑈𝒐 = 1
𝑈𝒊 = 𝑟𝑜
𝑟 𝑟 𝑙𝑛 𝑟 1
𝑟𝑜 𝑖 𝑖
1 𝑟𝑖 𝑙𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝑟
𝑖 +
+ 𝑟0 ℎ
𝑖 𝑜 + +ℎ
ℎ𝑖 𝑟 𝑖ℎ 𝑖 𝑘𝐴 𝑜
 Combined Convection and
the Conduction
The overall heat-transfer coefficient U for
cylinder may be based on the inside
area, Ai, or the outside area Ao of the
tube, Hence:.
𝑞 = 𝑈𝑖 𝐴𝑖 𝑇1 − = 𝑈0𝐴𝑜 𝑇1 −
𝑇4 𝑈𝒊 = 𝑟 𝑇4
1 𝑙𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝐴1𝑖 𝐴𝑖
+ 𝑖 +
ℎ𝑖 2𝜋𝐿𝑘𝐴 𝐴0ℎ𝑜
1 𝑈𝒐 = 𝑟𝑜 1
1
𝑈𝒊 = 𝑟 𝑈𝒐 = 𝑟 𝑙𝑛
𝑟𝑜 𝑖 𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑜1
1 𝑟𝑖 𝑙𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝑟 𝑟𝑜 𝑟0 𝑙𝑛 𝑟𝑖 1
𝑖 +
+ 𝑟 ℎ 𝑟 ℎ + + +
ℎ𝑖 0𝑖 𝑜 𝑟𝑖𝑖ℎ𝑖𝑖 𝑘 𝑘𝐴 +ℎℎ𝑜𝑜
𝐴
Saturated steam at 267°F is flowing inside a ¾ in
steel pipe having an ID of 0.824 in and OD of
1.050 in. The pipe is insulated with 1.5 in of
insulation on the outside. The convective
of the pipefor
coefficient is estimated
the insideas hi=1000
steam surface F
btu/h
the ft2
convective coefficient on the outside ofand
laggingis
the estimated as ho= 2 F. The
btu/hft
thermal conductivity of the metal
2
meanis 45
W/mK or 26 btu/h ft F and 0.064 W/mK or
0.037 btu/hftF for the insulation.
Calculate the heat loss for 1 ft of pipe
using
Saturated steam at 267°F is flowing inside a ¾ in steel pipe
having
of 0.824aninIDand OD of 1.050 in. The pipe is
insulatedwith 1.5 in of insulation on the outside. The
surface of the
convective pipe is for
coefficient estimatedas
the insidehi=1000
steam btu/h ft2 F and Draw the
convective coefficient on the outside of the lagging is estimated
as ho= 2 btu/hft2 F. The mean thermal conductivity of the
the diagram:
metal is 45 W/mK or 26 btu/h ft F and 0.064 W/mK or 0.037 𝑟1 =
btu/hftF for the insulation.
Calculate the heat loss for 1 ft of pipe using resistances if 𝑟2 =
the surrounding air is at 80°F
𝑟3 =

𝑅1 =
𝑅2 =
𝑅3 =
Saturated steam at 267°F is flowing inside a ¾ in steel pipe
having
of 0.824aninIDand OD of 1.050 in. The pipe is
insulatedwith 1.5 in of insulation on the outside. The
surface of the
convective pipe is for
coefficient estimatedas
the insidehi=1000
steam btu/h ft2 F and Draw the
convective coefficient on the outside of the lagging is estimated
as ho= 2 btu/hft2 F. The mean thermal conductivity of the
the diagram:
metal is 45 W/mK or 26 btu/h ft F and 0.064 W/mK or 0.037 𝑟1 =
btu/hftF for the insulation.
Calculate the heat loss for 1 ft of pipe using resistances if 𝑟2 =
the surrounding air is at 80°F
𝑟3 =
𝐴1 =

𝐴2 =

𝐴3 =
𝑅1 =
𝑅2 =
K 1% Carbon steel =
25BTU/hr ft F
85% magnesia = 0.041 BTU/hr
ft F
 CHE133P
Heat
and
Transfe
r Mass
Engr. Ria Grace P.
Forced Convection Heat
LECTURE
Abdon
Transfer Inside Pipes
Malayan Colleges
12
Dimensionless
Numbers

In most industrial processes , heat is

being transformed from one fluid
through the solid wall to a second fluid.

Heatis being transferred from

the hot flowing fluid to the cold flowing
fluid.
Dimensionless
Numbers
The velocity gradient, when the fluid
is turbulent flow, is very steep next to the
wall in the thin viscous sublayer where
turbulence is absent. Here the heat
transfer is mainly by conduction with
a large temperature difference T2 – T3
in the warm fluid.
Dimensionless
Numbers
The velocity gradient, when the fluid
is turbulent flow, is very steep next to the
wall in the thin viscous sublayer where
turbulence is absent. Here the heat
transfer is mainly by conduction with
a large temperature difference T2 – T3
in the warm fluid.

As we move farther away from the

wall, we approach the turbulent region,
where rapidly moving eddies tend
is lessequalize
to and the difference T1 – is small.
the temperature. Hence
average
the temperature
T2 temperature of fluid AThe
gradient is slightly
less than the peak value T1. A similar
explanation can be given for the
temperature profile in the cold fluid.
 Dimensionless
Numbers

The convective coefficient for heat transfer through a

fluid
is given by:

𝑞 = ℎ𝐴𝑇 − 𝑇𝑤
Where:
h = convective coefficient in W/m2 A = are in m2
T = bulk temperature or average temperature of the fluid in
K
T = temperature of the wall in contact with the fluid in K
Convective coefficient for
heat transfer through a
fluid
The type of fluid flow, whether laminar or turbulent,
of the individual fluid has a great effect on the heat-
transfer coefficient h. The more turbulent the flow
is,𝑻 𝒔 −
the 𝑻𝒇 the heat transfer coefficient.
greater
𝒒= 𝟏

𝒉𝑨
Convective Heat Transfer
Coefficient

To correlate data for heat

transfer coefficients,
𝑻𝒔 − 𝑻𝒇
𝒒 =dimensionless
𝟏
numbers such as
Reynolds Number and Prandtl
𝒉𝑨 Numbers are used.
 Prandtl Number
Prandtl NPr is the ratio of the
Number,
shear , of diffusivity
component𝝁 for
moment
𝝆
, to the diffusivity for
um𝒌 heat
and physicallyrelates the
𝑻𝒔 − 𝑻𝒇
𝝆𝑪𝒑 relative
𝒒 =
thicknessof the 𝟏hydrodynamic
layer and thermal boundary layer. Ludwig
Prandtl,
𝒉𝑨 German
Engineer
 Prandtl Number
Prandtl NPr is the ratio of the
Number,
shear component, of diffusivity
for 𝝁
moment
𝝆
, to the diffusivity for 𝝁
um𝒌 heat 𝑵𝑷𝒓 = 𝝆
𝒌
and physicallyrelates the
𝑻𝒔 − 𝑻𝒇
𝝆𝑪𝒑 relative 𝝆𝑪𝒑
𝒒 =
thicknessof the 𝟏hydrodynamic
layer and thermal boundary layer.
𝒉𝑨