Lecture # 2

Department of Mechanical Engineering UMT Lahore

  To gain a comprehensive understanding of “materials science”,
all these aspects have to be studied.

MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

Science of Metallurgy Manufacturing processes

PHYSICAL MECHANICAL ELECTRO- TECHNOLOGICAL

CHEMICAL
• Structure • Deformation • Extraction
• Physical • Thermodynamics • Casting
Behaviour
Properties • Chemistry • Metal Forming
• Corrosion • Welding
• Powder Metallurgy
• Machining

Department of Mechanical Engineering UMT Lahore

Outlines
Form of matter
Crystalline, monocrystalline and amorphous
Crystal systems
Unit cell and basic structure

Department of Mechanical Engineering UMT Lahore

Learning Objectives
Unit cells for face-centered cubic, body centered
cubic, and hexagonal close-packed crystal structures.
Distinguish between single crystals and
polycrystalline materials.
Define isotropy and anisotropy with respect to
material properties.

Department of Mechanical Engineering UMT Lahore

Forms of matter
 Gases: no definite shape and volume
 Liquids: no definite shape but definite volume
 Solids: definite shape, volume and periodic order.
Periodic order: definite pattern of atoms arrangement .

Amorphous Solids: They don't have the periodic order

and are non-crystalline. e.g. glass, plastic
and gel.
Intensive properties: do not depend on the amount.

Department of Mechanical Engineering UMT Lahore

Isotropy and anisotropy

Isotropic:
Substances in which measured (physical) properties are
independent of the direction of measurement are isotropic.

Anisotropy:
The substance in which physical properties show variation
with changing direction. Such substances are called
anisotropic.
A different chemical bonding in all directions is also a
condition for anisotropy.

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Isotropy and anisotropy

Different electron density

in different direction

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Types of solids

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Crystalline materials...

A crystalline material is one in which the atoms are

situated in repeating or periodic array over large atomic
distances and in 3D arrays.
Typical of:
-metals
-many ceramics
-some polymers

Department of Mechanical Engineering UMT Lahore

 Single vs polycrystals
Single Crystals
•A single crystal or monocrystalline solid is a material in which the
crystal lattice of the entire sample is continuous and unbroken to
the edges of the sample, with no grain boundaries.
•Crystal structure is often convenient to subdivide the structure
into a small repetitive entity called unit cell.
•A single crystal is formed by the growth of a crystal nucleus
without secondary nucleation or impingement on other crystals.
•Properties vary with direction: anisotropic.
E (diagonal) = 273 GPa
Examples:
• The modulus of elasticity (E) in BCC (body-
centered cubic) iron.
• Silicon single crystals for semiconductors.
E (edge) = 125 GPa

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Examples: Silicon

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Single vs polycrystals

Polycrystals:
Aggregate of several crystals or Grains
An object composed of randomly oriented crystals.
Properties may/may not vary with direction.
200 mm
If grains are randomly oriented: isotropic.
(Epoly iron = 210 GPa)

If grains are textured, anisotropic.

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Single Crystal

A different chemical bonding in all directions results in different

physical properties in different directions.

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Polycrystals

Granite or marble
We usually take the average of the physical properties (e.g.
Modulus of elasticity), which is usually same in all direction due to
randomness. (Isotropic)
Department of Mechanical Engineering UMT Lahore
Department of Mechanical Engineering UMT Lahore
Single vs polycrystals
Single crystal anisotropic
Polycrystalline (random) isotropic
Polycrystalline (textured) anisotropic
Amorphous isotropic

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 Single Crystal as building block
Some engineering applications require single crystals:

Diamond single Turbine blades

crystals for abrasives

• Properties of
crystalline materials
often related to crystal
structure.

Ex: Quartz fractures more easily

along some crystal planes than
others.
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Non crystalline or Amorphous materials

Amorphous – random arrangement of atoms i.e. have no

periodic packing: Silicate glass, Polymers
occurs for:
-complex structures
-rapid cooling

A metallic system can be made amorphous by decreasing the

chance of crystallization.
Allow less time for crystallization during solidification –
Rapid solidification processing (RSP) increases confusion for
a particular crystal, to follow crystalline shape while cooling.

Department of Mechanical Engineering UMT Lahore

Crystal

Crystal = Lattice + Motif

Lattice: the underlying periodicity of the crystal
Motif or Basis: An entity (typically an atom or a group of
atoms) associated with each lattice point
Lattice  how to repeat
Motif  what to repeat

Lattice: Translational periodic arrangement of points

Crystal: Translational periodic arrangement of motifs

Department of Mechanical Engineering UMT Lahore

Department of Mechanical Engineering UMT Lahore
Department of Mechanical Engineering UMT Lahore
Department of Mechanical Engineering UMT Lahore