Lecture # 2

Department of Mechanical Engineering UMT Lahore

Department of Mechanical Engineering UMT Lahore
Department of Mechanical Engineering UMT Lahore
Department of Mechanical Engineering UMT Lahore
Lattice points and atoms arrangement

Department of Mechanical Engineering UMT Lahore

Crystal Systems

X,Y,Z: axes
Lattice parameters: a, b, c: three edge lengths
α, β, γ: three inte-raxial angles
A lattice is also called a Space Lattice.

Department of Mechanical Engineering UMT Lahore

Crystal systems
Cubic Three equal axes, mutually perpendicular
a=b=c ===90˚
Tetragonal Three perpendicular axes, only two equal
a=b≠c ===90˚
Hexagonal Three equal coplanar axes at 120˚ and a fourth unequal axis
perpendicular to their plane
a=b≠c == 90˚ =120˚
Rhombohedral/ Three equal axes, not at right angles
Trigonal a=b=c ==≠90˚
Orthorhombic Three unequal axes, all perpendicular
a≠b≠c ===90˚
Monoclinic Three unequal axes, one of which is perpendicular to the
other two
a≠b≠c ==90˚≠ 
Triclinic Three unequal axes, no two of which are perpendicular
a≠b≠c ≠ ≠≠90˚

Department of Mechanical Engineering UMT Lahore

 1. Cubic Crystals

a = b= c
 =  =  = 900
• Simple Cubic (P) - SC
• Body Centered Cubic (I) – BCC
• Face Centered Cubic (F) - FCC
SC, BCC, FCC are lattices
while HCP(hexagonal close packed)
& DC (Diamond cubic) are crystals!

 Elements with Cubic structure → SC: F, O, Po ||

BCC: Cr, Fe, Nb, K, W, V||
FCC: Al, Ar, Pb, Ni, Pd, Pt, Ge

Department of Mechanical Engineering UMT Lahore

2. Tetragonal Crystals

a=bc
 =  =  = 900

 Simple Tetragonal
 Body Centered Tetragonal -BCT

 Elements with Tetragonal structure → In, Sn

Department of Mechanical Engineering UMT Lahore

3. Hexagonal Crystals

a=bc
 =  = 900  = 1200

 Simple Hexagonal

 Elements with Hexagonal structure → Be, Cd, Co, Ti, Zn

Department of Mechanical Engineering UMT Lahore

 4. Trigonal/Rhombohedral
Crystals

a=b=c
 =  =   900

• Rhombohedral (simple)

 Elements with Trigonal structure → As, B, Bi, Hg, Sb, Sm

Department of Mechanical Engineering UMT Lahore

5. Orthorhombic Crystals

abc
 =  =  = 900

• Simple Orthorhombic
• Body Centered Orthorhombic
• Face Centered Orthorhombic
• End Centered Orthorhombic
 Elements with Orthorhombic structure
→ Br, Cl, Ga, I, Su

Department of Mechanical Engineering UMT Lahore

6. Monoclinic Crystals

abc
 =  = 900  

 Simple Monoclinic
 End Centered (base centered) Monoclinic
(A/C)

 Elements with Monoclinic structure → P, Pu, Po

Department of Mechanical Engineering UMT Lahore

7. Triclinic Crystals

abc
  

• Simple Triclinic

Department of Mechanical Engineering UMT Lahore

Lattices

 Lattice means a three-dimensional array of point

coinciding with atom positions.
 In 1848, Auguste Bravais demonstrated that in a 3-

dimensional system there are fourteen possible lattices.

 seven crystal systems + four lattice centering

types(types of unit cell) = 14 Bravais lattices

 Lattices are characterized by translation symmetry.

Department of Mechanical Engineering UMT Lahore

Department of Mechanical Engineering UMT Lahore
Unit cell and basic structure

Department of Mechanical Engineering UMT Lahore

Unit cell and basic structure

Department of Mechanical Engineering UMT Lahore

Department of Mechanical Engineering UMT Lahore