BRASSICA OLERACEA

Student: Postolache Marius- Cristian

CONTENT

 Origin
 Varieties
 General information about cabbage culture - peculiarities and varieties
 Necessary requirements for cabbage cultivation
 Cabbage diseases and pests. Ways to fight
 Bibliography
 THE ORIGIN OF CABBAGE

Cabbage (Brassica oleracea), also known as curry, is a green or red

edible vegetable, one of the oldest vegetables known to man. It was
known among alchemists as the raw material of food. Red cabbage juice
can be used as a pH indicator.
Cabbage is a biennial plant: in the first year it grows, and in the
second year it blooms. It is part of the Cruciferae family, so named
because it has a type four flower, with the floral elements placed in the
cross.
The flowers are grouped in yellow inflorescences. In Romania,
white cabbage for the head (Brassica oleraceavar. Capitata alba) is
cultivated in most areas, except for the mountains, especially in the plain
areas in the south and west of the country, but also in the hilly areas of
Moldova and Transylvania. Romania is, in fact, one of the main
cultivating countries, with a cultivated area of ​46,000 hectares, according
to MADR.
 VARIETIES

Brussels sprouts (Brassica oleracea gemmifera) have a tall stem and

a small head. From this cabbage is consumed the buds that form on the
underside of the leaves.
Brassica oleracea sabanda has wrinkled leaves and a loose head.
Cabbage is grown in all regions of the country, but especially on irrigated
land.
 GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT
CABBAGE CULTIVATION -
PECULIARITIES AND VARIETIES
The root is formed in the first year of vegetation, it is well branched
and pivoting. In the case of cabbage cultivation established by direct
sowing, the root penetrates into the soil up to 30-40 centimeters, but in
some cases it can reach 120-150 centimeters. If, on the other hand, the
cabbage crop is established by seedling, the root will no longer penetrate
deep into the soil, due to the branching root system. It should be borne in
mind that in this case more watering is required.
The stem is thickened and short in the first year of vegetation, and in
the second year (after the vernalization period) the flower stalks are
formed from the buds that are at the base of the leaves and at the top of
the stem. Flowering stems can reach a height of 100-150 centimeters. On
the stem are the leaves that form the rosette and the head.
NECESSARY REQUIREMENTS FOR
CABBAGE CULTIVATION
Cabbage is a plant with high soil and moisture requirements, which grows
best in areas with temperate climates. The requirements for growing cabbage
are as follows:
 Umiditate
Depending on the vegetation phase, the cabbage crop needs certain humidity
conditions:
70-75% until the formation of the heads
75-80% in the training phase of the captains
This alternation of humidity is necessary to prevent cracking of the heads.
On average, the required amount of water is between 0.2-0.4 liters and 2-2.5
liters / plant.
 Temperature
The average temperature for plant development is between 15 and 20
degrees Celsius. At the same time, the minimum temperature is 2-3 degrees
Celsius, while the maximum temperature should not exceed 30 degrees
Celsius.
 . To start germinating, the seeds need a temperature of 3-4 degrees Celsius,
while the optimum temperature for the germination process is 18-20 degrees
Celsius. The germination period can be 10-12 days, if the soil temperature is
10-12 degrees Celsius, while at a temperature of 15 degrees Celsius, the
germination period is only 7-8 days
During the vernalization period, the plants need a temperature of 4-5 degrees
Celsius for two months.
 Light
Cabbage cultivation has moderate light requirements, but if grown in shady
places, the heads will be small and dense. It is important to mention that the
plants need more light in the seedling phase. Otherwise, the seedling lengthens.
 Grand
For the optimal development of cabbage cultivation, a fertile, well-structured
soil is needed, which retains water well. Depending on the type of culture, the
requirements are as follows:
Early crops - medium to light soils
Summer-autumn crops - medium to compact soils (retain water well during the
summer and do not heat up much).
Cabbage cultivation should not be established on acidic soils, as it increases
the risk of disease, especially hernia of cabbage roots.
CABBAGE DISEASES AND PESTS WAYS TO COMBAT
Pathogens must be controlled in time to prevent damage to the
quality and quantity of the cabbage crop. Control must be done with a
fungicide with a complex mode of action. Dagonis and Signum
fungicides support healthy production.
One of the main pests is the white cabbage butterfly (Pieris
brassicae) - butterflies appear between April and May and can lay up to
300 eggs on the leaves. Once the larvae appear, they feed on the leaf core
and, as they spread, gnaw the leaves from the edges, leaving only the
thick veins. The attacked leaves rot due to the excrement of the larvae
that accumulate.
Cabbage (Mamestra brassicae) is another common pest in cabbage
crops. Butterflies begin their attack in May, when they lay their eggs on
the underside of the leaves. Once the caterpillars appear, they feed on the
leaves and perforate them, which leads to a decrease in the quality of the
cabbage crop.
 Other pests of cabbage are:
Red cabbage bedbug (Eurydema ornatum) - this pest stings plants and
injects foul-smelling saliva. Saliva liquefies plant tissues, which are then
consumed by bedbugs. The attack can be recognized after the appearance
of yellow spots, and if the attack is aggressive, the leaves turn completely
yellow.
Cabbage fly (Delia brassicae) - this pest affects seedling plants. The
larvae attack the roots and then enter the plant. Thus, the affected plants
do not fully develop, wither and die.
Gray cabbage lice (Brevicoryne brassicae) - Gray lice is a common pest
in cabbage cultivation. It stings and sucks cellular juice from green
organs. Affected plants turn yellow and die.
Cruciferous fleas (Phyllotreta sp.) - this pest consumes the leaves and
thus slows down the development of the plant. If the attack is strong, the
seedlings can also be affected. These pests can consume the roots of
young plants. Flea attacks can cause significant damage because they
transmit diseases that affect the development of the crop.
 Bibliography https
://magazinuldeacasa.com/curiozitati-din-istoria-ardeiului-iute/( accesat la data
de 7.12)
 https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardei_iute(accesat la data de 4.12)
 https://www.agro.basf.ro/ro/stiri/basf-pe-camp/cultura-verzei-infiintare-con
ditii-combatere-daunatori.html
( accesat la data de 7.12)