THIRD TRIMESTER

ARCHANA JAIN
1ST MSC.HUMAN GENETICS
INTRODUCTION:-
 28 – until the time of delivery (40 weeks)
 7-9 month
 Growth, gain weight ,respond ,some system mature etc
CROWN RUMP LENGTH:

 The height of the foetus can also be measured

using crown-heel length,femur length etc
WEIGHT:
BRAIN:
 The increasing cortex surface area forming visible
gyri (folds) and fissures (grooves) on the surface.
 A study showed that total brain tissue volume
increased linearly over this period at a rate of 22
ml/week
7th MONTH :
28-31 WEEKS
  Fetus begins to add fat layers 
 It is able to open and close eyes
 Respiratory bronchioles proliferate and end in alveolar

ducts and sacs

 It starts producing surfactant for lungs
 Tooth - Permanent premolars (correspond to the milk

molars) appear.(29)
 Genital male gonad (testes) descends(30)
  It can now start to differentiate high and low pitches of

sounds.
8th MONTH :
32-35 WEEKS
 The photoreceptors in the eyes will begin to distinguish

light from dark

 Nail fingernails reach digit tip(32)
 The bones gets stronger
 Myelination begins to occur in the brain
 The lanugo starts to disappear
9th MONTH :
36-40 WEEKS
 Nail Development toenails reach digit tip(36)
 Lungs fully developed
 Foetus reflexes are coordinated
 The vernix caseosa starts to disintergrate
GENES INVOLVED:-
 IGF2(Insulin Like Growth Factror-2)
 BIRTH WEIGHT
ADCY5 (Adenylate Cyclase 5)
CCNL1 (Cyclin L1)
 OXYGEN TRANSPORT
AHSP ( Alpha Haemoglobin Stabilizing Protein)

HBD ( Haemoglobin Subunit Mu)

 IMMUNITY
DEFA1 (Defsin Alpha1 )
CEACAM 1 (CEA Cell Adhesion Molecule)
 LUNG DEVELOPMENT
FOXA2 (HUMAN FORKHEAD BOX)
AEC-2 (AUXIN EFFLUX CARRIER TRANSPORT)
 ASPM (Abnormal Spindel Microtuble Assembly)
 POU5F1 (POU domain,class 5,transcription factor 1)

 ITGB1 (Intergrin Subunit Beta 1)

 ADRB1(Adrenergic Receptor Beta 1)
PHYSICAL CHANGES IN MOTHER:
 Braxton Hicks Contractions
 Tender breasts, which may leak a watery pre-
milk called colostrum 
 Constipation, heartburn, and indigestion 
 Stretch marks on abdomen, breasts, and
thighs
 Dry, itchy skin
 Shortness of breath
 Increased need to pee
DEFECTS :
 Preterm labour
 Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)
 Post-term pregnancy
 Placental abruption
 Surfactant Dysfunction
 Mental retardation
SCREENING :
 Ultrasound
 Gluocose screening
 Group B streptococcus test
 Electronic fetal heart rate monitoring
REFERENCE:
 HUMAN EMBRYOLOGY BY LARSEN’S
 EMBRYOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY BY
BRUCE.M.CARLSON
 EMBRYOLOGY.MED.UNSW.EDU.AU
 CHARACTERIZATION OF GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES
OVER HEALTHY TERM PREGNANCIES
 VARIANTS IN ADCY5 AND NEAR CCNL1 ARE ASSOCIATED
WITH FETAL GROWTH AND BIRTH WEIGHT
 HORIKOSHI, M. ET AL. NEW LOCI ASSOCIATED WITH
BIRTH WEIGHT IDENTIFY GENETIC LINKS BETWEEN
INTRAUTERINE GROWTH AND ADULT HEIGHT AND
METABOLISM. NATURE GENETICS 45, 76–82 (2013).
THANK YOU