Hydropower from concept

to completion
 Hydropower Project Concept to Completion Stages

Phase-1 Site Identification/Concept

• Identification of potential sites (s)
• Funding of project Development
• Development of rough technical concept

Phase-2 Pre-Feasibility Study

• Assessment of different Technical Options
• Approximate cost/Benefit
• Market Assessment/Demand Forecast

Phase-3 Feasibility Study

• Investigations
• Alternative Study
• Detailed Hydrological investigation
Pre-feasibility (pre-FS) and feasibility (FS) studies are conducted to confirm site attractiveness, develop a
preliminary plant design, estimate investment requirements, establish the next steps for project implementation
(including project schedule) and prepare the project for financing. Also, pre-FS and FS identify potential project
risks and opportunities to mitigate them by optimizing key project parameters, including plant design and
output.
Phase-4 Detailed Engineering Design & preparation of Tender Documents
• Detailed Investigations if require
• Finalization of Alternate
• Tender Level Drawings, BOQ, Tender Documents
Phase-5 Construction Stage
• Tendering of different Lots
• Mobilization of Contractor
• Construction Supervision
• PC-III

Phase-6 Commissioning
• Performance testing
• Preparation of As Built Design
• Operation and Maintenance
• PC-IV and PC-V

Phase-7 De-commissioning
• Operation and Maintenance
HPP Project: map segment

4
 Introduction to the specifics of Hydro Power Plants (HPP)

Structure of the Presentation

1 . General Overview: Hydro Power Plants
2 . The major planning steps
3 . Hydrology: the basis for HPP planning
4 . First approximation of HPP layout and electricity generation
5 . Optimisation of HPP
6 . Determination of budgetary investment cost
7 . HPP bankable documents
8 . Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
9. Mechanical Component
10. Electrical Component
11. Economical Analysis 1
 1. General Overview: Hydro Power Plants

1 . General Overview: Hydro Power Plants

2 . The major planning steps

3 . Hydrology: the basis for HPP planning

4 . First approximation of HPP layout and electricity generation

5 . Optimization of HPP

6 . Determination of budgetary investment cost

7 . HPP bankable documents

8 . Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

2
 Typical Table Of Contents For A PFS For A Medium/Large HPP

1. Introduction
2. Description of project
3. Topography
4. Hydrological analysis and sediment transport
5. Geology and geotechnics
6. Assessment of seismic hazards
7. Preliminary environmental and social impact assessment
8. Examination and evaluation of layout alternatives
9. Expected power production
10. Civil engineering design
11. Electro-mechanical equipment
12. Grid connection
13. Cost estimation
14. Permitting and licensing process
15. Planning and project implementation
16. Preliminary financial analysis
17. Preliminary risk analysis
18. Conclusion and recommendation
Hydro power is a mature technology – make use of the experience!

» Use proven design solutions, study operating projects with similar head
and design flow

 O n e of its specifics: it requires the input from various fields of profession

(hydrology, geology, ecology, civil- electrical- and mechanical engineering +
economist).
» It can be very costly to try to safe on inputs from experts who‘s task is to
make the experience gained over decades availble for the planning process

 I f planned properly, hydropower offers the lowest generation cost of all RE technologies
at a very low risk and over an extremely long life time (>80 years)
» Use high quality equipment (turbine/generator and gates!) able to
withstand adverse conditions over the entire project lifetime

5
2. The major planning steps

1. General Overview: Hydro Power Plants

2. The major planning steps

3. Hydrology: the basis for HPP planning

4. First approximation of HPP layout and electricty generation

5. Optimization of HPP

6. Determination of budgetary investment cost

7. HPP bankable documents

8. Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

6
Three major planning steps not to be missed

1. Project formulation and layout

» Hydrological study (flow duration, flood conditions, dry/wet year conditions)
» Basic topographical overview (possible head, access conditions, existing
roads)
» Preliminary assessment of slope stability and sediment loads
» Basic project layout with first approximation of electricity generation

2. Engineering design and layout optimisation

» Pre-design of hydraulic structures with cost estimations
» Optimisation of sizing
» Evaluation of layout alternatives

3. Definition of project layout

» Detailed field investigations
» Detailed engineering design and bill of quantities
» Budgetary quotations for equipment

7
3. Hydrology: the basis for HPP planning

1 . General Overview: Hydro Power Plants

2. The major planning steps

3. Hydrology: the basis for HPP planning

4 . First approximation of HPP layout and electricity generation

5 . Optimization of HPP

6 . Determination of budgetary investment cost

7 . HPP bankable documents

8 . Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

8
Hydrology - the basis for planning

T h e hydrological study determines how much water will be available for electricity
generation over the year
» hence provides the basis for the optimal sizing and the generation of the plant

T h e reliability of its result is crucial to the plant‘s financial viability requires a

high degree of professional experience to interprete any available run off
data correctly

Daily run-off data over several years is the core data base the hydrological
study needs to be meaningful.
» Supporting information is precipitation data and geological formation of the
watershed in question

A s the planning process of a HPP can extend over more than a year, it is
highly recommended to start immediately with automated discharge
measurements at the intended intake site to optain first hand data.
» Appropriate data loggers are available
(http://www.geoscientific.com/dataloggers/AquaRod_Freeze_Tolerant_Water_Level_Recorder.html)

9
Hydrological study - Deliverables

Average flow duration curve as basis for the average annual generation and
determination of the optimal design discharge

F l o w duration curve of the driest year for the sensitivity analysis to check whether the
loan can be served even during dry spells

Correction factor considering quality of data base to assess the sensitivity against
variation of the water availability and the influence against missing or vague data

Residual flow as a requirement from the ecological point of view

Estimated flood events and water levels to design the hydraulic structures safely

10
Example of Flow Duration Curve, interpreted

shaded area: flow available for power

generation if maximum turbine capacity is
2.3 m³/s (104 kW)

Optimum design
Residual flow
discharge
(60 days €
economic
optimum)
11
4. First approximation of HPP layout and electricty generation

1 . General Overview: Hydro Power Plants

2. The major planning steps

3 . Hydrology: the basis for HPP planning

4 . First approximation of HPP layout and electricty generation

5 . Optimization of HPP

6 . Determination of budgetary investment cost

7 . HPP bankable documents

8 . Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

12
First approximation of the average annual electricity generation

1. Choice of Q design based on the flow duration curve (Q60 for a start)

2. Choice of penstock diameter (5% head loss for a start) and determination
of the net head as function of the turbine flow

3. Choice of turbine type and number of units

4. Total efficiency of conversion equipment as a function of the turbine flow

(use supplier data)

5. With this information calculate annual generation (first approximation)

13
HPP Intake

14
HPP Penstock

15
Choice of Turbine for HPP

16
Hydro Power Physics at a glance: calculation of electricity generation

W t = Hn * Q * g * ηtot * t
Wt = electricity generation in time span “t” (kWh, MWh,
GWh)
Hn = net head (m) as f(Q)

Q = average flow through the turbine in time span “t”

(m³/s)
g = gravity = 9,81 (m/s²)

= ηtur * ηgen * ηtrans all a f(size, type and Q/Qdesign)

η tot
t = time span (hours) at which Q is available

17
Example:
annual production (1. approximation) with Qdesign = 3.6 m³/s

Exceedance Flow Residual flow Available flow Turbine flow Q/Qd Eff. Tot. Net head Power Generation
% m³/s m³/s m³/s m³/s % % m kW GWh

8.3 6.15 0.0468 6.11 3.60 100.0 86.5 111.5 3,406 2.49

16.7 4.84 0.0468 4.79 3.60 100.0 86.5 111.5 3,406 2.49

25.0 3.88 0.0468 3.84 3.60 100.0 86.5 111.5 3,406 2.49

33.3 3.11 0.0468 3.07 3.07 85.2 87.6 111.9 2,949 2.15

41.7 2.63 0.0468 2.58 2.58 71.7 86.9 112.2 2,471 1.80

50.0 2.16 0.0468 2.11 2.11 58.6 86.6 112.5 2,015 1.47

58.3 1.65 0.0468 1.60 1.60 44.4 86.9 112.7 1,536 1.12

66.7 1.16 0.0468 1.12 1.12 31.0 87.2 112.9 1,077 0.79

75.0 0.83 0.0468 0.78 0.78 21.8 86.2 112.9 749 0.55

83.3 0.53 0.0468 0.48 0.48 13.3 83.6 113.0 444 0.32

91.7 0.39 0.0468 0.34 0.34 9.5 81.7 113.0 310 0.23

100.0 0.31 0.0468 0.27 0.27 7.4 80.3 113.0 236 0.17

Average annual generation 16.06

18
5. Optimization of HPP

c 1 . General Overview: Hydro Power Plants

c 2 . The major planning steps

c 3 . Hydrology: the basis for HPP planning

c 4 . First approximation of HPP layout and electricty generation

c 5 . Optimization of HPP

c 6 . Determination of budgetary investment cost

c 7 . HPP bankable documents

c 8 . Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

19
Optimising the sizing of the HPP

After the first approximation an optimisation of the sizing of the HPP needs to be done to
obtain the most economic installed capacity. This requires the following steps:

1. Based on the data from the flow duration curve the exceedance and the flow are listed.

2. The investment cost of the entire plant is determined as a function of Q design

This requires that a formula is developed for the cost of each component in relation to
the design flow.

3. Varying the Q design and the penstock diameter will vary the investment cost but
at the same time the generation and with this the revenue. That Q design which yields
the highest NPV will result in the most economic size, the plant should be designed
for.

€ This optimisation step is very often omitted resulting in HPP too big for the river
or the available potential is under-utilised.
20
The planning process and its optimisation

21
 Electro mechancial equipment approximate cost

A s first approximation the cost for the electro-mechanical equipment can be expressed
by the formula below

T h e formula includes a scope of delivery of all components needed from end of

penstock to 35 kV feed in i.e turbine inlet valve, turbine, generator, governor, LV control,
transformer, MV switchgear, reflecting 2010 prices

I E+M (Euro) = 50,000 x H 0,529 x Q 0,74

Where :

H = net head (m)

Q = design flow (m³/s)

22
6. Determination of budgetary investment cost

c 1 . General Overview: Hydro Power Plants

c 2 . The major planning steps

c 3 . Hydrology: the basis for HPP planning

c 4 . First approximation of HPP layout and electricty generation

c 5 . Optimization of HPP

c 6 . Determination of budgetary investment cost

c 7 . HPP bankable documents

c 8 . Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

23
Determining the budgetary investment cost as a basis for seeking
appropriate financing of the HPP

Once the optimum Q design is determined the investment cost can be determined in more
detail:

c T h e engineering design of the civil works component will yield a bill of quantity
(quantities of excavation, concrete, reinforcement steel, back filling etc).
» With the help of unit costs for these quantities the cost for the civil works
components can be determined to a high degree of accuracy.

c F o r all items which will be purchased, like gates, penstock and E&M equipment,
budgetary quotations need to be requested from renowned suppliers. These kind of
quotations can be received rather easily as they are not binding for the supplier. It is
accepted practice that the price quoted can fluctuate ±15%

c F o r planning and construction supervision use for first approximation

c To consider any contingencies account for 10% of total investment at this stage

24
 Description Euro
Head works

Budgetary investment cost Civil works

Hydro-mechanic equipment
290,000
20,000
Desander
Civil works 69,000

c Such a budgetary investment cost Hydromechanic equipment 25,000

Channel 599,000
should be sufficient to approach FI‘s Tunnel 150,000
to investigate the possibility of Forebay

finiancing the project Civil works 53,000

Hydromechanic equipment 14,000
Penstock
c It forms an integral part of the Civil works 31,000
bankable document and could Structural steelworks 126,000

look like this Powerhouse

Civil works 140,000
Electromechanical equipment 2,446,000
c Note: cost items are backed by Transmission line and connection 36,000
budgetary quotations! Access road 20,000
TOTAL 4,019,000
Contingency 10% 402,000
Planning and construction supervision 232,000
Total investment 4,653,000

25
7. HPP bankable documents

c 1 . General Overview: Hydro Power Plants

c 2 . The major planning steps

c 3 . Hydrology: the basis for HPP planning

c 4 . First approximation of HPP layout and electricty generation

c 5 . Optimization of HPP

c 6 . Determination of budgetary investment cost

c 7 . HPP bankable documents

c 8 . Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

26
„Bankable documents“ documents required for financing

The documents accompanying any loan application should contain at least:

cFeasibility study:
» This study determines the final technological choice and scope and proves its
technical, economic and environmental feasibility,

cFinancing strategy / business plan:

» This is the presentation of the financing strategy, availability of project sponsors
equity participation and debt service coverage capacity,

cLegal documentation:
» All project related permits, licenses and contracts, including the budgetary quotations.
» Documentation on the project sponsor

27
Feasibility Study and its objectives

c A n expert analysis of the likelihood of success of the project in a technical

and economical sense.

» presents the project layout as a result of the evaluation of design alternatives

» calculates the average annual electricity generation and the revenues

» gives information how the budgetary investment cost was determined

» evaluates the economic and financial profitability and its sensitivity against
changes in the assumptions

» assesses the environmental and social impacts

28
DEFINITIONS
WORK
Work is the transferred energy and is the product of force and
distance moved. It is measured in lb-ft or Joules.
ENERGY
It is the capacity to do work. The energy from water can
either be potential energy (by virtue of position) or kinetic
energy (by virtue of the movement). The work done by water
in producing electrical energy is usually measured in kWh
(kilowatt hours).
POWER
Power is the rate of transferring energy or workdone per unit
of time. It is measured in kW (kilowatt) and hp (horsepower).
Power capacity is often used to refer rated capacity of the
plant.
(Watt is defined as one Joule of work done in one second.)
DEFINITIONS (CONTD.)

DEMAND
It is the amount of power needed or desired by the consumers connected
to a network or power system.
LOAD
Is the rate at which electrical energy is actually delivered to or by a
system.
PEAK LOAD
The electric load at the time of maximum demand.
LOAD FACTOR / PLANT FACTOR
It is defined as the ratio of annual energy output kWh / max power output
x 8760 hours. (Actual Energy / Theoretical Energy)
DEFINITIONS (CONTD.)
HYDRAULIC HEAD
It is the elevation difference the water falls in passing through the plant.
GROSS HEAD
It is the difference between headwater (water in the forebay or
impoundment supplying the turbine) elevation and tail water (water at draft
tube exit) elevation.
NET HEAD
It is the effective head on the turbine and is equal to the gross head minus
the hydraulic losses before entrance to the turbine and outlet losses.
DESIGN HEAD
Refers to the effective head for which the turbine is designed for best
speed and efficiency.
 DEFINITIONS (CONTD.)

FOREBAY
A pond or basin of enlarged water surface and depth, usually at the end of a
canal, from where a penstock leads to a powerhouse.
PENSTOCK
A pipe (usually of steel, concrete or cast iron) that conveys water under
pressure from the forebay to the turbine.
DRAFT TUBE
A tube full of water extending from below the turbine to below the minimum
water tailrace level.
TAILRACE
The discharge channel from a turbine before joining the main river channel.
CLASSIFICATION OF HYDRO POWER
PLANTS
 CLASSIFICATION OF
HYDRO POWER PLANTS

TECHNOLOGICAL WATER DESIGN OR

ENERGY TOPOGRAPHY
ASPECTS ECONOMY HEAD

SINGLE
PUMP STORAGE
ENERGY ENERGY PURPOSE LOW HEAD
DISTRIBUTION GENERATED LOW LAND <15 m
MULTI PLANTS
TIDAL PLANTS
PURPOSE MEDIUM
ENERGY
HILLY AREA HEAD 15-50
DEMAND
PLANTS
PLANT UTILIZING
HIGH HEAD
ENERGY OF FLOWING SUBSIDIARY
MOUNTAINO > 50m
WATER ISOLATED
US REGION
BASE PLANTS
WITHOUT
CO-
STORAGE
OPERATION
PEAK G

DIVERSION
MICRO MINI 100-5000 Medium 15000- HIGH
STORAGE
<100 kW Kw 50000 kW >50000kW
NON Small 500-
DIVERSION 15000 Kw
 CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF
TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS

1. Plants utilising the energy of flowing water (rivers, canals, etc.)

and of lakes fed by natural phenomena such as, rain, snow, etc.

2. Pumped-storage plants.

3. Plants utilising tidal energy of the ocean.

PLANTS UTILISING THE ENERGY OF FLOWING WATER & LAKES

Plants without storage (Run-of-river plants)

Plants with storage.

PLANTS WITHOUT STORAGE (run-of-river)

NON-DIVERSION DEVELOPMENT
• A barrage or dam is built across the river
• The natural flow of the river is passed through the penstock to
turbines
• energy output depends on the flow of the river

Examples
Warsak hydropower station on Kabul river
Chashma hydropower project
Non-Diversion Development (run-of-river)
PLANTS WITHOUT STORAGE (run-of-river)

Diversion Development (Diversion Canal Plants)

A diversion structure such as dam, barrage, weir across the
river/stream flow of water is diverted to the turbine through open
canal/free flow tunnel/pressure tunnel and penstock
The slope of headrace is flatter than that of river/stream
Examples
Ghazi Barotha HPP
Neelum Jhelum HPP (with pressure tunnel arrangement)
Dargai HPP
Diversion Development (Diversion
Tunnel Plant )
Diversion Development (Diversion Canal Plant )
DIVERSION CANAL ARRANGEMENT
DIVERSION CANAL ARRANGEMENT
 PLANTS WITH STORAGE

Non-Diversion Development
a dam across the river/stream creates storage
The storage can be daily, weekly, seasonal or annual

Examples
Tarbela Dam
Mangla Dam
Storage Plants - Non Diversion Development
 PLANTS WITH STORAGE

Diversion Development
A diversion structure such as a dam across the river/stream is built
water is diverted to the turbine through an intake, pressure tunnel
and penstock
The storage can be daily, weekly, seasonal or annual

Examples
Duber Khawr HPP
Allai Khawr HPP
Khan Khawr HPP
Storage Plants - Diversion Development
PUMPED STORAGE PLANTS

• Two reservoirs are normally required. One reservoir is

located at higher elevation than the other one.
• Normally, the lower storage is fed by a lake, river, or stream.
• Water in the lower reservoir is pumped to the higher
reservoir during periods when surplus and cheap energy is
available.
• The pumped water then flows down through the turbines to
produce power during period of peak demand.
• The powerhouse of this type of plants is equipped with high
capacity pump-turbines.
 Pumped Storage Plant
Upper reservoir

Access tunnel

Lower reservoir

Pump/turbine
TIDAL POWER PLANTS
• The tidal fluctuations in some coastal parts of the world are
relatively high.
• The power is produced by utilising the potential offered by
the tidal cycles.
• Such plants work on water flowing back and forth.

• Some plants of considerable output are nowadays in

operation in Canada, Britain, France and China.
• In Pakistan, tidal power plants have not been constructed
until now.
TIDAL POWER PLANT
 Classification on the Basis of Energy
Demand

BASE-LOAD PLANTS
Base load plants are those, which are meeting the firm demand
of the network. Energy available at all times (low flow) is called
Firm Power.

PEAK-LOAD PLANTS
Peak load plants are those, which due to water availability
produce their maximum capacity during the peaking hours.
Tarbela and Mangla are being operated to cover the peak
demands of the interconnected system in Pakistan.
 Classification on the Basis of Energy
Generated
Micro Capacity Plants < 100 kW

Mini Capacity Plants 100 - 5000 kW

Small Capacity Plants 5000 – 15000 kW

Medium Capacity Plants 15000-50000 kW

High Capacity Plants > 50000 kW

CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF DESIGN HEAD

Head
Low-Head Plants <15 m
Medium-Head Plants 15-50 m
High-Head Plants >50 m
HIGH HEAD POWER PLANT
MEDIUM HEAD POWER PLANT
LOW HEAD POWER PLANT
 CLASSIFICATION ON BASIS OF
TOPOGRAPHY

• Low land plants

• Hilly Area plants
• Mountainous region plants
POWER & ENGERY CALCULATION
Power
P = * g *Q * H kW
Energy
E = P*T kWh
Where
P = Power capacity, (kW)
E = Energy, (kWh)
Q = Discharge through turbine, m3/s
g = Acceleration due to gravity, ( 9.806 m/s2 )
H = Head, m
T = Time / period in hours
 = Overall Efficiency
= t *g * t ( turbine * generator * transformer efficiency)
SCHEMATIC VIEW OF HYDEL POWER PLANT

---------------------------------------------------------------------

…………….
H
P=ŋ*9.81*Q*H
( KWatt)

Q→
HEAD LOSSES
The net head is calculated by subtracting losses from gross
head. The losses may be such as;

• Losses at canal entrances.

• Energy losses in open channels.
• Entrance losses due to contraction.
• Losses due to expansion.
• Friction losses in the pipe/passage.
• Losses due to stop log slot, gate slot and transition.
• Losses due to trash racks
• Losses due to bends
 Stream Flow
Hydrograph
shows discharge against time in chronological order.
Flow Duration Curve (FDC)

FDC shows, for a particular site on a river, the proportion of

time during which the discharge equals or exceeds certain
values.
 No. of days % of the year
Flows of 8.0 m3/s and greater 41 11.23
Flows of 7.0 m3/s and greater 54 14.9
Flows of 6.5 m3/s and greater 61 16.8
Flows of 5.5 m3/s and greater 80 21.8
Flows of 5.0 m3/s and greater 90 24.66
Flows of 4.5 m3/s and greater 100 27.5
Flows of 3.0 m3/s and greater 142 39.0
Flows of 2.0 m3/s and greater 183 50.0
Flows of 1.5 m3/s and greater 215 58.9
Flows of 1.0 m3/s and greater 256 70.0
Flows of 0.35 m3/s and greater 365 100
 DIFFERENT DISCIPLINES INVOLVED IN
HYDROPOWER PROJECT

 Hydropower
 Civil
 Hydrology
 Geology
 Electrical
 Mechanical
 Environment
 Economics
PLANNING STAGES OF HYDROPOWER PROJECTS
DESK STUDIES
 
RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY
 
APPRAISAL REPORTS
 
RANKING STUDIES
 
PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDIES
 
FEASIBILITY REPORT
 
DETAIL ENGINEERING DESIGN
 
PREPARATION OF TENDER DOCUMENTS
High Head Hydropower Projects - Types

Dam Station Development

Dam and Powerhouse
Tarbela, Mangla, Warsak, DBDP, Munda, etc

Canal Diversion Development

Diversion Weir, Headrace canal, Forebay, Penstock, Powerhouse
GB HEP, Malakand, Jabban, Malakand-III etc.

Tunnel Diversion Development

Diversion dam, Headrace tunnel, Surge tank, Pressure shaft,
Powerhouse and tailrace
Khan Khwar, Allai Khwar, Duber Khwar, Golen Gol, Jagran-I,
NJ HEP, Dasu, Bunji, Patan etc.

73
Dam Station Development

74
 High Head Projects Canal Diversion

Diversion canal type (run-of-river operation)

75
High Head Project Tunnel Diversion

Diversion tunnel type plant (storage project, or run-of-river)

76
COMPONENTS FOR DIVERSION CANAL PLANT

• Weir and appurtenant structures

• Canal intake
• Headrace and appurtenant structures or free-flow tunnel
• Penstock or a pressure shaft
• Powerhouse or underground station
• Tailrace
• Switchyard or underground switchgear equipment

77
COMPONENTS OF DIVERSION TUNNEL

Dam or weir
Power Intake
Low Pressure tunnel
Surge tank
Penstock (with valve chamber) or pressure shaft
External powerhouse or underground station
Tailrace or tail water tunnel
Switchyard or underground switchgear equipment .

78
Diversion Tunnel Project - Bunji Layout

GILGIT

BUNJI

79
Bunji Dam Layout

80
Bunji Dam Cross Section

81
 Reservoir

OBJECTIVE
- Storage to increase firm capacity of Power plant.
- To increase water availability and annual energy for
hydropower generation

TYPES
- Mainstream reservoir located along the river upstream
of dam. Tarbela, Mangla etc.
- Off stream reservoir: reservoir which is located outside
of the river by means of excavating a large portion of
land. Like: Akhori Dam
- Daily or weekly storage like Warsak, GB HEP, Dasu,Bunji
etc. 82
 Lateral Weir/Small Dam - Layout

83
Diversion Canal – Phandar Hpp

84
 Small Dam – Over flow and Under sluices Sections

85
Small Dam – Embankment and Cross Sections

86
 Tyrolean Weir

Bottom intake with bottom rack

Fixed crest Weir
Suitable for steep gradient and less sediment stream.
Tirolean Weir is recommended for design discharge less
than 5 m3/s. 87
 Power Intake
• Intake entrance is designed to have minimum head losses and to prevent
bed load and flowing debris intrusion into the canal or tunnel,
• Equipments include: Gates, Stop Log, Trash Rack Screens, Crane etc.

88
 Spillway - Types

To release excessive flows from dam/weir to downstream stream/river side.

Following types of spillways are generally proposed as per topographic,

geologic, and flood discharge

• Overflow spillway
• Gated overflow spillway
• Orifice spillway
• Side Channel Spillway
• Morning Glory with tunnel

89
 SPILLWAY – ENERGY DISSIPATORS

Stilling basins with end sills and baffle blocks

Submerged or roller-type deflector

buckets, solid or slotted: Plunge pools
90
Surge Tank

91
 Penstock
1. Surface or Embedded Penstock

2. STEEL PENSTOCKS 6 to 8 m long upto 12 m

• REINFORCED CONCRETE PENSTOCKS:
• POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC)
• GLASSFIBRE-REINFORCED PLASTIC (GRP) PENSTOCKS

92
Penstock - Manifold

3. SIZING PENSTOCK PIPES

• For diameter, less frictional losses and energy losses
• For thickness, pressure head and provision for corrosion
• Manifold as per number of units

93
 Powerhouse

The layout of the entire powerhouse is fundamentally based on the

type of turbine and its shaft arrangement envisaged for the units.

• Horizontal-shaft Francis Turbines, Example Malakand, Dargai

• Horizontal-shaft Pelton Wheels, Example Jagran-I, Kargah-IV
• Vertical-shaft Francis Turbines, Example Tarbela, Mangla, Warsak,
GB, NJ HEP, DBDP, Dasu, Bunji, Patan etc.
• Vertical-shaft Pelton Wheels. Example Allia Khwar, Duber Khwar,
Golen Gol,

TYPES According to the location/topography:

• Surface Or External Type
• Semi-surface Or Slope Type
• Underground Type
94
TYPES OF POWERHOUSE

95
POWERHOUSE – Horizontal Francis

1.Turbine 4.Generator
2 Valve 5. Pump
3.Bifurcation 6. Coupling

Francis turbine with horizontal shaft

96
 POWERHOUSE – Vertical Francis

Vertical-shaft Pelton turbine arrangement

97
POWERHOUSE – Horizontal Pelton

Pelton turbine with horizontal shaft

98
 Types of Turbines

Types depend on Discharge (Q), Head (H) and Capacity (P)

• Horizontal-shaft Francis, small Q and medium H and small P
• Horizontal-shaft Pelton Wheels, small Q, high H and small P
• Vertical-shaft Francis Turbines, large Q and high H
• Vertical-shaft Pelton Wheels, small Q and Very High H

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Hydropower in Pakistan
World Hydropower Production
RATIO OF HYDEL-THERMAL MIX IN PAKISTAN

Sr. No. Year Hydel: Thermal Mix Remarks

1 1960 44:56
2 1970 50:50
Ideal for Economic
3 1980 58:42 Development of the
Country
4 1985 67:33
5 1990 45:55
6 2000 33:67
7 2005 37:63
8 2015 33:67
 PAKISTAN’S HYDROPOWER POTENTIAL
Sr. No. River/ Tributary Power (MW)
A Hydropower Projects above 50 MW
1 Indus River 39558
2 Tributaries of Indus in Gilgit-Baltistan 1698
3 Tributaries of Indus in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa 4028
Sub Total (1-3) 45284
4 Jhelum River 4341
5 Kunhar River 1455
6 Neelum River & its Tributaries 1769
7 Poonch River 462
Sub Total (4-7) 8027
8 Swat River & its Tributaries 2297
9 Chitral River & its Tributaries 2285
Sub Total (8-9) 4582
Total A 57893
B. Hydropower Projects below 50 MW
1 On Tributaries 1591
2 On Canals 674
Total B 2265 103
PAKISTAN’S HYDROPOWER POTENTIAL

Total Potential = 100000 MW

Identified Potential = 60158 MW
Tapped = 6919 MW

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EXISTING HYDEL POWER STATIONS

Installed Storage Energy Commercial

Project Capacity Capacity Generation Operation date
(MW) (MAF) (GWh)

Warsak 243 RoR* 1050 1960-81

Mangla 1000 7.24 4687 1967-94
Tarbela 3478 6.4 14937 1977-93
Chashma 184 0.27 987 2001
Ghazi Barotha 1450 RoR 6574 2003-04
Khan Khwar 72 RoR 306 2012
Allai Khwar 121 RoR 463 2013
Jinnah 96 RoR 688 2013
Duber Khwar 130 RoR 595 2013
Satpara Dam 17.36 0.053 105 2007-13
Gomal Zam Dam 17.4 0.89 91 2013