BNJ 20903: SOLID MECHANICS

CHAPTER 5:
STRESS TRANSFORMATION

LECTURER: DR. NORAINI BINTI MARSI

 CONTENTS
1. Plane-Stress Transformation,
2. General Equations of Plane-Stress Transformation,
3. Principle Stresses and Maximum In-Plane Shear
Stress,
4. Mohr’s Circle – Plane Stress,
5. Absolute Maximum Shear Stress,
 CONTENTS
Chapter Objectives

 Navigate between rectilinear co-ordinate systems for

stress components
 Determine principal stresses and maximum in-plane
shear stress
 Determine the absolute maximum shear stress in 2D
and 3D cases
APPLICATIONS
 PLANE-STRESS TRANSFORMATION
• The state of plane stress at a point is uniquely
represented by two normal stress components and
one shear stress component acting on an element.
These three components will be different for each
specific orientation θ of the element at the point.
 PLANE-STRESS TRANSFORMATION

• The state of plane stress at a point is uniquely represented by three

components acting on an element that has a specific orientation at the
point.
• Sign Convention:
– Positive normal stress acts outward
from all faces
– Positive shear stress acts upwards
on the right-hand face of the element
 GENERAL EQUATIONS OF PLANE-
STRESS TRANSFORMATION
• Sign convention (continued)

• Both the x-y and x’-y’ system follow the right-hand rule

• The orientation of an inclined plane (on which the normal and shear
stress components are to be determined) will be defined using the angle
θ. The angle θ is measured from the positive x to the positive x’-axis. It is
positive if it follows the curl of the right-hand fingers.
 GENERAL EQUATIONS OF PLANE-
STRESS TRANSFORMATION (cont)
• Normal and shear stress components:
– Consider the free-body diagram of the segment
 GENERAL EQUATIONS OF PLANE-
STRESS TRANSFORMATION (cont)

+ΣFx’ = 0; σx’ ∆A – (τxy ∆A sin θ) cos θ – (σy ∆A sin θ) sin θ

– ( τxy ∆A cos θ) sin θ – (σx ∆A cos θ) cos θ = 0
σx’ = σx cos2 θ + σy sin2 θ + τxy (2 sin θ cos θ)

+ΣFy’ = 0; τx’y’ ∆A + (τxy ∆A sin θ) sin θ – (σy ∆A sin θ) cos θ

– ( τxy ∆A cos θ) cos θ + (σx ∆A cos θ) sin θ = 0
τx’y’ = (σy – σx) sin θ cos θ + τxy (cos2 θ – sin2 θ)

σx + σ y σx – σ y
σx’ =
2 + 2
cos 2θ + τxy sin 2 θ

σ x + σy
τx’y’ = – sin 2θ + τxy cos 2 θ
2

σ x + σy σx – σ y
σy’ = – cos 2θ – τxy sin 2 θ
2 2
 EXAMPLE 1
The state of plane stress at a point on the surface of the airplane
fuselage is represented on the element oriented as shown in Fig.
9–4a. Represent the state of stress at the point on an element that
is oriented 30° clockwise from the position shown.
 EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions
• The element is sectioned by the line a-a.

 The free-body diagram of the segment is as shown.

 EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions
Applying the equations of force equilibrium in the x’ and y’ direction,
  Fx '  0;  x ' A   50A cos 30 cos 30   25A cos 30 sin 30
  80A sin 30 sin 30   25A sin 30 cos 30  0
 x '  4.15 MPa (Ans)

  Fy '  0;  x'y' A   50A cos 30 sin 30   25A cos 30 cos 30
  80A sin 30 cos 30   25A cos 30 sin 30  0
 x'y'  68.8 MPa (Ans)
 EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions
Repeat the procedure to obtain the stress on the perpendicular plane b–b.

  Fx '  0;  x ' A   25A cos 30 sin 30   80A cos 30 cos 30
  25A cos 30 cos 30   50A sin 30 sin 30  0
 x '  25.8 MPa (Ans)

  Fy '  0; -  x'y' A   25A cos 30 cos 30   80A cos 30 sin 30
  25A sin 30 sin 30   50A sin 30 cos 30  0
 x'y'  68.8 MPa (Ans)

The state of stress at the point can be

represented by choosing an element
oriented.
 EXAMPLE 2
The state of plane stress at a point is represented by the element
shown in Fig. 9–7a. Determine the state of stress at the point on
another element oriented 30° clockwise from the position shown.
 EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solutions
From the sign convention we have,

 x  80 MPa  y  50 MPa  xy  25 MPa   30

To obtain the stress components on plane CD,

 x   y  x  y
 x'   cos 2   xy sin 2  25.8 MPa (Ans)
2 2
 x  y
 x' y '   sin 2   xy cos 2  68.8 MPa (Ans)
2
 EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solutions
To obtain the stress components on plane BC,

 x  80 MPa  y  50 MPa  xy  25 MPa   60

 x   y  x  y
 x'   cos 2   xy sin 2  4.15 MPa (Ans)
2 2
 x  y
 x' y '  sin 2   xy cos 2  68.8 MPa (Ans)
2

The results are shown on the element as shown.

 IN-PLANE PRINCIPAL STRESS
• The principal stresses represent the maximum and minimum
normal stress at the point.
• When the state of stress is represented by the principal
stresses, no shear stress will act on the element.

d x '  x  y
  2 sin 2   2 xy cos 2
d 2

Solving this equation leads to θ = θp

 xy
tan 2 p 
 x   y  / 2
2
 x  y   x  y 
 1, 2       xy2
2  2 
 IN-PLANE PRINCIPAL STRESS (cont)

d x '  x  y
  2 sin 2   2 xy cos 2
d 2
 IN-PLANE PRINCIPAL STRESS (cont)
 xy
Solving this equation leads to θ = θp; i.e tan 2 p 
 x   y  / 2

2
 x  y   x  y 
 1, 2       xy2
2  2 
 MAXIMUM IN-PLANE PRINCIPAL STRESS
• The state of stress can also be represented in terms of the
maximum in-plane shear stress. In this case, an average
stress will also act on the element.
d x ' y '  x  y
  2 cos     xy  2 sin 2   0
d 2

• tan 2 s 
 x  y  / 2
Solving this equation leads to θ = θs; i.e
 xy
2
  x  y 
 max in-plane      xy2
 2 
• And there is a normal stress on the
plane of maximum in-plane shear stress
 x  y
 avg 
2
 EXAMPLE 3
The state of plane stress at a failure point on the shaft is shown
the element in Figure. Represent this stress state in terms of
orientation of elements and principal stress.
EXAMPLE 3 (cont)
EXAMPLE 3 (cont)
EXERCISE 4
 MOHR’S CIRCLE OF PLANE STRESS
• A geometrical representation of equations 9.1 and 9.2; i.e.

   y    x  y 
 x '   x     cos 2   xy sin 2
 2   2 
   y 
 x ' y '   x  sin 2   xy sin 2
 2 
• Sign Convention:
σ is positive to the right, and τ is positive downward.
 Procedure for analysis
The following steps are required to draw and use Mohr’s Circle.

1. Construction of the circle

 Establish coordinate system
- horizontal axis represents the normal stress, σ (positive to the
right)
- vertical axis represents the shear stress,  (positive downwards)
 Using the positive sign convention for σx, σy, xy, plot the center of
the circle C, which is located at the σ axis at a distance σ average
from the origin. (C (σave, 0))

σave = (σx+ σy)/2

 Plot the reference point , A (σx, xy). This point represent the
normal and shear stress components on the element’s right-hand
vertical face.
 Connect point A with the center C of the circle and determine CA
trigonometry. This distance represents the radius R of the circle.
 Once R has been determined, sketch the circle.
2. Principle stress
 Coordinate C and D are the points for σ1 and σ2 and  = 0.
 These stresses act on planes defined by angles θp1 and
θp2. They are represented on the circle by angles 2θp1
and 2θp2 and measured from the radial reference line CA
to line CB and CD, respectively.
 Using trigonometry, only one of these angles need to be
calculated from the circle since θp1 and θp2 are 90 degree apart.
 Remember, the direction of rotation 2θp on the circle
(counterclockwise) represents the same direction of rotation θp
from the reference axis (+x) to the principal plane (+x’).
3. Maximum In-Plane Shear Stress
• Average normal stress and max. in plane shear stress
components are determined from the circle as the coordinates of
either point E or F.
• Angles θs1 and θs2 give the orientation of the planes that contain
these components.
• The angles 2θs1 shown and can be determined using
trigonometry.
• The rotation happens to be clockwise, from CA to CE and θs1
must be clockwise on the element.
 EXAMPLE 6
The state of plane stress at a point is shown on the element in Fig.
9–19a. Determine the maximum in-plane shear stress at this point.
 EXAMPLE 6 (cont)
Solutions
Construction of the Circle

We first construct of the circle,

 x  20,  y  90 and  xy  60

The center of the circle C is on the axis at

 20  90
 avg   35 MPa
2

From point C and the A(-20, 60) are plotted, we have

R  60 2  552  81.4 MPa

 EXAMPLE 6 (cont)
Solutions
Maximum In-Plane Shear Stress.

Max in-plane shear stress and average normal stress are

 max in-plane  81.4 MPa ,  avg  35 MPa (Ans)

The counter-clockwise angle is

 20  35 
2 s1  tan 1    21.3 (Ans)
 60 
 EXAMPLE 7
The state of plane stress at a point is shown on the element in Fig.
9–20a. Represent this state of stress on an element oriented
30°counterclockwise from the position shown.
 EXAMPLE 7 (cont)
Solutions
Construction of the Circle

We first construct of the circle,

 x  8,  y  12 and  xy  6

The center of the circle C is on the axis at

 8  12
 avg   2 MPa
2

From point C and the A(-8, -6) are plotted, we have

R  10 2  6 2  11 .66
 EXAMPLE 7 (cont)
Solutions
Stresses on 30° Element

From the geometry of the circle,

6
  tan 1
 30.96   60  30.96  29.04
10
 x '  2  11 .66 cos 29.04  8.20 MPa (Ans)
 x ' y '  11 .66 cos
sin 29.04  5.66 MPa (Ans)

The stress components acting on the adjacent face DE of the element, which is 60°
clockwise from the positive x axis, Fig. 9–20c, are represented by the coordinates
of point Q on the circle.

 x '  2  11 .66 cos 29.04  12.22 MPa (Ans)

 x'y'  11 .66 sin 29.04  5.66 MPa (check) (Ans)
 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS
• State of stress in 3-dimensional space:
 max   min
 abs max 
2
 max   min
 avg 
2
 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS
(cont)
• State of stress in 3-dimensional space:
 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS (cont)
• State of stress in 3-dimensional space:
 EXAMPLE 8
The point on the surface of the cylindrical pressure vessel in Fig. 9–
24a is subjected to the state of plane stress. Determine the
absolute maximum shear stress at this point.
 EXAMPLE 8 (cont)
Solutions
An orientation of an element 45° within this plane yields the state of absolute
maximum shear stress and the associated average normal stress, namely,

 abs max  16 MPa ,  avg  16 MPa (Ans)

Same result for can be obtained from direct application of

 1 32
 abs max    16 MPa
2 2
32  0
 avg   16 MPa (Ans)
2
 EXAMPLE 8 (cont)
Solutions
By comparison, the maximum in-plane shear stress can be determined from the
Mohr’s circle,

32  16
 abs max   8 MPa
2
32  16
 avg   24 MPa (Ans)
2
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