Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Statistics
Statistics
Statistical Analysis
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Descriptive Statistics
Inferential Statistics
Other Multivariate Techniques
Descriptive Statistics
Statistical computations that describe the
characteristics of a sample or the
relationship among variables in a sample.
Inferential statistics make inferences
about the larger population from which the
sample observations were drawn.
Partial Raw Data Matrix
Hypothetical Raw Data on
Education and Prejudice
Measures of Association
Descriptive statistics summarizing the
relationships between variables.
Many measures of association are
based on a proportionate reduction of
error (PRE) model.
Proportionate Reduction of
Error (PRE)
A logical model for assessing the strength of a
relationship by asking how much knowing
values on one variable would reduce our errors
in guessing values on the other.
Example:
If we know how much education people
have, we can improve our ability to
estimate how much they earn, thus
indicating there is a relationship between
the two variables.
Proportionate Reduction of
Error (PRE)
Based on a comparison of:
1. The number of errors we would make in
attempting to guess the attributes of a given
variable for each of the cases under study -
if we knew nothing but the distribution of
attributes on that variable.
2. The number of errors we would make if we
knew the joint distribution overall and were
told for each case the attribute of one
variable each time we were asked to guess
the attribute of the other.
Question
is a logical model for
assessing the strength of a relationship.
A. MRI
B. DVU
C. OMG
D. PRE
Answer: D
PRE is a logical model for assessing
the strength of a relationship.
Nominal Variables
If two variables consist of nominal
data (gender, religious affiliation,
race), lambda (l) would be one
appropriate measure.
Lambda is based on your ability to guess
values on one of the variables: the PRE
achieved through knowledge of values on
the other variable.
Ordinal Variables
If the variables being related are ordinal
(social class, religiosity, alienation),
gamma (g) is one appropriate measure of
association.
Lambda is based on guessing exact
B. lambda
C. Pearson’s product
C. path analysis
B. probability
C. statistics
B. indirect analysis
C. regression line
D. exploratory study
Answer: C
A regression line permits the
estimation of values on one variable
from values on the other.
4. are statistical
measures used for making inferences
from findings based on sample
observations to a larger population.
A. descriptive statistics
B. inferential statistics
B. bivariate
C. time-series analysis
B. inferential statistics
C. ordinal statistics
D. interval statistics
Answer: B
Inferential statistics assists
researchers in drawing conclusions from
their observations.