PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

THIRD EDITION

C H A P T E R

5
Transient Analysis

1
McGraw-Hill GIORGIO RIZZONI © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000
 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
THIRD EDITION

Figure 5.1 Examples of transient response

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
t (s)
(a) Transient DC voltage

0.5
0
–0.5
–1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
t (s)
(b) Transient sinusoidal voltage

2
McGraw-Hill GIORGIO RIZZONI © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000
 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
THIRD EDITION

Figure 5.2 Circuit with switched DC

excitation

t =0
R

Switch
12 V C L

Complex load

3
McGraw-Hill GIORGIO RIZZONI © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000
 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
THIRD EDITION

Figure 5.3 A general model of the transient

analysis problem

Switch
RS
Circuit
t=0
Vs containing
R L /RC
combinations

4
McGraw-Hill GIORGIO RIZZONI © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000
 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
THIRD EDITION

Figure 5.5 Circuit containing energy-storage

element
A circuit containing energy-storage
elements is described by a
differential equation. The
differential equation describing the
series RC circuit shown is

diC 1 dv S
dt + RC iC = dt
+ vR _
R iC
iR +
vS ( t ) +_ C v C (t )
_

5
McGraw-Hill GIORGIO RIZZONI © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000
 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
THIRD EDITION

Figure 5.9 Differential equations of first-order

circuits
R
+

+
_ v S (t) C v C (t)

_
dv C 1 1
RC circuit: – vC – vS = 0
dt RC RC

+
_ v S (t) iL ( t ) L

di L R 1
RL circuit: – iL – vS = 0
dt L L

6
McGraw-Hill GIORGIO RIZZONI © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000
 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
THIRD EDITION

Figure 5.10 Decay through a resistor of

energy stored in a capacitor
t= 0

t= 0 Switch
Switch
VB vC C R
i(t)

Exponential decay of capacitor current

1
Capacitor voltage, V

0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Time, s

7
McGraw-Hill GIORGIO RIZZONI © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000
 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
THIRD EDITION

Figure 5.15

t=0

iL
IS L R

8
McGraw-Hill GIORGIO RIZZONI © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000
 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
THIRD EDITION

Figure 5.16

–
iL (0 +) L iL(t) v R ( t)
+

iL( t)

10 mA

0
t

9
McGraw-Hill GIORGIO RIZZONI © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000
 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
THIRD EDITION

Figure 5.22 A more involved RC circuit

t= 0
R1 R2

+
V1 R3 vC C V2
_

10
McGraw-Hill GIORGIO RIZZONI © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000
 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
THIRD EDITION

Figure 5.23 The circuit of Figure 6.45 for t > 0

+
R 1 R2
R3 vC C
V1 V2
_

11
McGraw-Hill GIORGIO RIZZONI © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000
 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
THIRD EDITION

Figure 5.24 Reduction of the circuit of Figure

5.23 to Thevenin equivalent form

R1 R3 R2
V1 V2 /R 2
R1

V 1 V 2
+ R T
R 1 R 2

R T = R 1 R 2 R 3

R T

V T
+
_

12
McGraw-Hill GIORGIO RIZZONI © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000
 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
THIRD EDITION

Figure 5.25 The circuit of Figure 5.22 in

equivalent form for t > 0

RT

VT + VC C
_

13
McGraw-Hill GIORGIO RIZZONI © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000
 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
THIRD EDITION

Figure 5.39 Second-order circuits

R T

_+ v T (t) C L

Parallel case

(a)
R T

L
+
_ v T (t)

Series case

(b)

14
McGraw-Hill GIORGIO RIZZONI © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000
 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
THIRD EDITION

Figure 5.43 Response of overdamped

second-order circuit

1.5
xN ( t)
1
e– 2t

0.5
e– 1t

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
t (s)

15
McGraw-Hill GIORGIO RIZZONI © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000
 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
THIRD EDITION

Figure 5.44 Response of critically damped

second-order circuit
1

0.8

0.6
xN (t)
0.4
e– t
0.2
te– t
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
t (s)

16
McGraw-Hill GIORGIO RIZZONI © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000
 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
THIRD EDITION

Figure 5.45 Response of underdamped

second-order circuit

17
McGraw-Hill GIORGIO RIZZONI © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000
 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
THIRD EDITION

Figure 5.46

t =0
+ v C ( t) _ R

C + v R ( t) _
+
+ V vL ( t) L
_ S i(t)
_

R = 5000 L=1H C =1 F
V S = 25 V

18
McGraw-Hill GIORGIO RIZZONI © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000
 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
THIRD EDITION

Figure 5.48

t =0
+
C R L
v( t) iC ( t ) iR ( t ) iL( t)
_ IS

L =2H C =2 F
R = 500 IS = 5 A

19
McGraw-Hill GIORGIO RIZZONI © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000
 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
THIRD EDITION

Figure 5.52

N2 N2
= 100 = 100
N1 N1

N1 N2 N1 N2

+ LP,RP + L P, R P
VB VB
i i
– spark – spark
C plug C plug

switch switch
closed closed

20
McGraw-Hill GIORGIO RIZZONI © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000