Lesson 7

Integration by Trigonometric
Transformation
 Transformation by Trigonometric Formulas

Some trigonometric integrals can not be evaluated directly from their given forms and
require transformation to the standard form by using appropriate trigonometric
identities. We shall classify the integrands of such trigonometric integrals as follows:
A. Product of Sine and Cosine
B. Powers of Sine and Cosine
C. Powers of Tangent and Secant
D. Powers of Cotangent and Cosecant
 Product of Sine and Cosine

Consider evaluating the integral of product  of sine and cosine of the following
forms:

where and are differentiable functions of and . The above integrals can be
evaluated with the aid of the following trigonometric formulas:
Examples:

1. Evaluate  
Solution:
2. Evaluate  
Solution:
 Powers of Sine and Cosine
Consider the integral of powers of sine or cosine
  or product of such powers of the form

Procedure Relevant Identities

- Split off a factor of .
n is odd - Apply the relevant identity.
- Make the substitution
- Split off a factor of .
m is odd - Apply the relevant identity.
- Make the substitution
- Use the relevant identities to reduce
the powers of and .
3. Evaluate  
Solution:
4. Evaluate  
Solution:
5. Evaluate  
Solution:
6. Evaluate  
Solution:
 Powers of Tangent and Secant
Consider the integral of powers of tangent or secant or  product of such powers of the form

Procedure Relevant Identities

- Split off a factor of .
n is even - Apply the relevant identity.
- Make the substitution
- Split off a factor of .
m is odd - Apply the relevant identity.
- Make the substitution
- Use the relevant identities to reduce the
integrand to powers of alone.
- Use the reduction formula for powers of .
7. Evaluate  
Solution:
8. Evaluate  
Solution:
9. Evaluate  
Solution:

where:
 
 Powers of Cotangent and Cosecant

The technique involved in evaluating  the integral of the form

is similar to that of the powers of tangent and secant. Use the identity
Exercices

Evaluate the following:  

3.