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ResearchMethodology Week12
ResearchMethodology Week12
ResearchMethodology Week12
METHODOLOGY
(Business Research Methods)
Week 12
29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 1
Descriptive and Inferential Statistics (1)
Examples:
29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 2
Descriptive and Inferential Statistics (2)
Examples:
29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 3
Statistical Data Analysis
Collecting data on the basis of surveys
and questionnaires is the first step towards
interpreting and utilizing the data for
decision-making
29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 4
Statistical Data Analysis
(Frequency Distribution (absolute distribution))
A frequency distribution (or frequency table) is a set of data which
records the number of times a particular vlaue of a variable, or
range of values of a variable, occurs
Example:
Examples:
29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 7
Measures of Central Tendency
– (Arithmetic) Mean
– Median
– Mode
29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 8
Measures of Central Tendency
(Arithmetic Mean)
The arithmetic mean is the average of all the values under
consideration
Branch Revenue
1 50,000,000
2 150,000,000
3 40,000,000
4 60,000,000
Total = 300,000,000
Arithmetic
Arithmetic Mean
Mean == 300,000,000
300,000,000 // 44 == 75,000,000
75,000,000
29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 9
Measures of Central Tendency
(Median)
The Median is the midpoint of the distribution of values under
consideration
Refer again to table 17.5 on page 407 of your text book for an example
See the deviation score (the distance of a value from the arithmetic mean, e.g.
deviation score = 500 – 750 = - 250)
The deviation score is used as the basis of computing the „average deviation“
which is simply the summation of all deviation scores divided by the sample size.
The absolute values of the deviation scores should be used
29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 13
Measures of Dispersion
(The Variance)
The variance is another very useful measure of the level of
dispersion or variability in a set of values
The larger the value of the variance, the larger is the distance
from the arithmetic mean
29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 14
Measures of Dispersion
(The Standard Deviation)
The standard deviation is simply the square root of the
variance and is considered a very accurate measure of
variation or dispersion in a set of values
29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 15
Fieldwork (1)
The gathering of data by individuals, such as,
personal or telephone interviewers and
observers is, broadly speaking, referred to as
fiedwork
29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 16
Fieldwork (2)
There are organizations to whom the task of gathering data and
information can be outsourced, which are refffered to as „field
interviewing services“
29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 17
Training Fieldworkers
Briefing Session (provides all interviewers with identical
background information about the project
29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 18
Major Themes in Training Fieldworkers
29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 19
Making Initial Contact
• Polite introduction
• Try to convince the person being
interviewed that cooperation is important
• Use of ID cards
• Avoid using certain words which give the
respondent a means of quickly ending the
interview (e.g.: may I ...)
• Do not be too aggressive
29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 20
Asking Survey Questions
Questions must be asked in a manner that avoids
interviewer bias
29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 21
Probing
Probing is about verbal prompts by the fieldworker or
interviewer when the respondent must be motivated to
communicate his or her answer or to enlarge on, clarify,
or explain an answer
29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 22
Recording Responses
All fieldworkers should use the same
procedure for recording responses
29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 23
Terminating the Interview
Interview should not be terminated before all the
information has been gathered from the respondent
29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 24
Principles of Good Interviewing
The Basics
Integrity and honesty (for interviewers)
Patience and tactfulness (in dealing with respondents)
Accuracy and detail (record responses that are
understood, clarify and ask respondents for detailed
answers if necessary, and record answers verbatim)
Impartiality (keep your opinions to yourself and remain
neutral)
Listen more, talk less (respondents are expected to
provide the information)
Maintain confidentiality and privacy (do not disclose
information on respondents to anyone else)
Be respectful of the rights of respondents
29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 25
Principles of Good Interviewing
Required Practices (1)
Complete the number of interviews according to the
assigned sampling plan
Follow the directions given to you
Keep your schedules
Keep control of the interview (no deviation to other
subjects, avoid talking too much, keep time frame in
mind)
Complete the questionnaires and follow the prescribed
sequence in asking questions
29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 26
Principles of Good Interviewing
Required Practices (2)
Ask questions as they are written (no summarizing or
paraphrasing)
Do not leave questions blank
Use all aids (props, photographs etc.) provided to the
interviewer for conducting the interview
Check each questionnaire (preferably immediately) after
the interview has finished
Check how many questionnaires were you assigned to
complete with the number you actually completed
Clarify any questions with the research initiator or
fieldwork supervisor
29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 27