Chapter Twelve

Multiple Integrals
 Section 12.1
Double Integrals Over Rectangles
 Goals
 Volumes and double integrals
 Midpoint Rule
 Average value
 Properties of double integrals
Volumes and Double Integrals
 Given a function f (x, y), defined on a
closed rectangle

Suppose: f(x, y) ≥ 0.

 Question: What is the volume of the solid S

under the graph of f and above R?
Volumes (cont’d)
 Volumes (cont’d)
 We do this by
 dividing the interval [a, b] into m subintervals
[xi-1, xi] of equal width x = (b – a)/m and
 dividing [c, d] into n subintervals [yj-1, yj] of
equal width y = (d – c)/n.
 Next we form the subrectangles

each with area A = xy :

Volumes (cont’d)
 Volumes (cont’d)
We choose a sample point  ij ij  in each Rij .
* *
 x , y
 Then we can approximate the part of S
that lies above each Rij by a thin
rectangular box with base Rij and height
f  xij* , yij*  as shown on the next slide.

 The volume of this box is the height of the

box times the area of the base rectangle:
Volumes (cont’d)
 Volumes (cont’d)
f  x , y  A
*
ij
*
ij

 Following this procedure for all the

rectangles and adding the volumes of the
corresponding boxes, we get an
approximation to the total volume of S:
m n
V   f  xij* , yij*  A
i 1 j 1

 This is illustrated on the next slide:

Volumes (cont’d)
 Volumes (cont’d)
 As m and n become larger and larger this
approximation becomes better and better.
 Thus we would expect that
m n
V  lim
m ,n
  ij ij  A
f x *
,
i 1 j 1
y *

 We use this expression to define the

volume of S.
 Double Integral
 Limits of the preceding type occur
frequently in a variety of settings, so we
make the following general definition:
 Double Integral (cont’d)
 A volume can be written as a double
integral:
 Double Integral (cont’d)
 The sum in our definition of double
integral is called a double Riemann sum and
is an approximation to the double integral.
 If f happens to be a positive function, then
the double Riemann sum is the sum of
volumes of columns and approximates the
volume under the graph of f.
 Example
 Estimate the volume of the solid that lies
 above the square R = [0, 2]  [0, 2] and
 below the elliptic paraboloid z = 16 – x2 – 2y2.
 Divide R into four equal squares and
choose the sample point to be the upper
right corner of each square Rij.
 Sketch the solid and the approximating
rectangular boxes.
 Solution
 The squares are shown on the next slide.
 The paraboloid is the graph of
f(x, y) = 16 – x2 – 2y2 and the area of each
square is 1. Approximating the volume by
the Riemann sum with m = n = 2, we have
Solution (cont’d)
 Solution (cont’d)
 Thus 34 is the
volume of the
approximating
rectangular boxes
shown:
 Using More Squares
 We get better approximations to the
volume in the preceding example if we
increase the number of squares.
 The next slides show how the columns
start to look more like the actual solid
when we use 16, 64, and 256 squares:
Using More Squares (cont’d)
Using More Squares (cont’d)
 The Midpoint Rule
 We use a double Riemann sum to
approximate the double integral.
 The sample point x ,*
y
ij ij  in Rij is chosen
*

to be the center  xi , y j  of Rij :

 Example
 Use the Midpoint Rule with m = n = 2 to
estimate the value of   x  3 y  dA , where
2 2

R
R    x , y  | 0  x  2 ,1  y  2 .

 Solution We evaluate f(x, y) = x – 3y2 at the

centers of the four subrectangles shown on
the next slide:
Solution (cont’d)
 Solution (cont’d)
 The area of each subrectangle is ΔA = ½, so
  x 2
 3 y 2
 dA is approximately equal to
R
 Using More Subrectangles
 If we keep dividing each subrectangle into
four smaller ones, we get the Midpoint
Rule approximations shown.
 These values
approach the exact
value of the double
integral, –12.
 Average Value
 We define the average value of a function f
of one variable defined on a rectangle R as
1
fave   f  x , y  dA
A R  R
where A(R) is the area of R.
 If f(x, y) ≥ 0, the equation
A R   fave   f  x , y  dA
R
 Average Value (cont’d)
says that the box with base R and height
fave has the same volume as the solid that
lies under the graph of f.
 If z = f(x, y) describes a mountainous region
and we chop off the tops of the mountains
at height fave, then we can use them to fill in
the valleys so that the region becomes
completely flat:
Average Value (cont’d)
Properties of Double Integrals
 On the next slide we list three properties
of double integrals.
 We assume that all of the integrals exist.
 The first two properties are referred to as
the linearity of the integral:
 Properties (cont’d)

 If f(x, y) ≥ g(x, y) for all (x, y) in R, then

 Review
 Volumes and double integrals
 Definition of double integral using
Riemann sums
 Midpoint Rule
 Average value
 Properties of double integrals