PME 465 Rock Blasting and Explosive Technology

Drilling pattern
Dr. AKM Badrul
Alam Associate
Professor PME
department
MIST 1
 Learning objectives
 Perspective of drilling in open-pit mine
and underground drift/tunnel
 Various cut patterns essential for sub-
surface excavation

PME 465 Rock Blasting and Explosive Technology 2

Dr. AKM Badrul Alam
 Surface drilling

 Where we need to carry out blasting,

and the explosive has to be inserted in
the hole
 Drilling either vertically or maybe a slightly
inclined manner.

PME 465 Rock Blasting and Explosive Technology 3

Dr. AKM Badrul Alam
Surface blast hole geometry

PME 465 Rock Blasting and Explosive Technology 4

Dr. AKM Badrul Alam
Surface blast hole geometry

PME 465 Rock Blasting and Explosive Technology 5

Dr. AKM Badrul Alam
 Surface drilling
 Standing on the top part of rock
 No need to hold the heavy drill rod or
dill assembly.
 It is very easy to carry out drilling vertically.
 Excavations are generally carried out in
benches.

PME 465 Rock Blasting and Explosive Technology 6

Dr. AKM Badrul Alam
 Surface drilling
 Vertically a number of slabs are created
which are called benches
 Surface drilling is carried out on the bench
 Rocks slabs, and the drilling is carried out on
the bench itself.
 Drill rod is kept almost vertical.

PME 465 Rock Blasting and Explosive Technology 7

Dr. AKM Badrul Alam
 Surface drilling
 Rig is placed on the desired place, and the
drilling is carried out
 Rotary action
 Hammering action
 A percussive rotary drill

 Mainly the excavation is a drilling is

carried out with the percussion, and
rotation is given for the rotary action of
the drill bit.

PME 465 Rock Blasting and Explosive Technology 8

Dr. AKM Badrul Alam
 Surface drilling
 Flushing media is taking out rock chips
from the hole.
 The method carried out in the surface
where the drilling is carried out
either vertically or near vertically.
 So, it is very easy to carry out drilling in
the surface condition

PME 465 Rock Blasting and Explosive Technology 9

Dr. AKM Badrul Alam
 Surface drilling
 2 open faces of the rock
 Top part
 Front part.
 Front part is free face and
top part is the, another free
face.
 2 free faces available for blasting

PME 465 Rock Blasting and Explosive Technology 10

Dr. AKM Badrul Alam
 Surface drilling

 Two rock cells

We carry out drilling in this rock cell
 Drilling is carried out vertically

PME 465 Rock Blasting and Explosive Technology 11

Dr. AKM Badrul Alam
 Underground excavation
by blasting

 Only one free face is available in Underground

condition .

PME 465 Rock Blasting and Explosive Technology 12

Dr. AKM Badrul Alam
 Underground
drilling and blasting
 Different rigs
 Multiple rigs are available in this drill machine
 After completion of drilling
 Explosives are inserted into the hole
 Explosive cartridges are inserted and then
pushed by the wooden rod.
 Ladder is used for charging the explosive
inside the hole in the top part
 Blasting is carried out, and the rock is
excavated
PME 465 Rock Blasting and Explosive Technology 13
Dr. AKM Badrul Alam
 Surface and underground
blasting
 Carrying out drilling in a single face in case of
underground
 Only single free face is available.
 Blasting in surface mines, there 2 free faces are
available, we can throw the rock in front direction.
 But in underground only one free face is available.
 So, the purpose is that we have to create another free
face so that the rock can be thrown on that direction.

PME 465 Rock Blasting and Explosive Technology 14

Dr. AKM Badrul Alam
 Surface and underground
drilling
 So, it is very easy to carry out drilling in
the surface condition in compare to
underground drilling
 The blasting efficiency is high in
surface blasting
 Because of two free faces in
surface
 Only one face in underground

PME 465 Rock Blasting and Explosive Technology 15

Dr. AKM Badrul Alam
 Underground drilling and
blasting methods

 Full face method

 Top heading and benching

PME 465 Rock Blasting and Explosive Technology 16

Dr. AKM Badrul Alam
 Full face method
 Blasting round is designed to pull the full
cross sectional area of the face in one
blast

 For tunnel of small

cross section the full
face method is
adopted

PME 465 Rock Blasting and Explosive Technology 17

Dr. AKM Badrul Alam
 Full face method

PME 465 Rock Blasting and Explosive Technology 18

Dr. AKM Badrul Alam
 Top heading and benching

 First top free space is created to create bench.

 Then, benching is blasted like surface drilling and blasting

PME 465 Rock Blasting and Explosive Technology 19

Dr. AKM Badrul Alam
 Top heading and benching

 When rock conditions are

good, it may even be used
for large tunnels, face area
of 80-100 m2

 For other conditions

 Initial full face top heading may be enlarged to final
shape and size using split section driving technique

PME 465 Rock Blasting and Explosive Technology 20

Dr. AKM Badrul Alam
 Heading Round
 Blastholes drilled in the face of a tunnel
are collectively known as the round when
blasted at a time.
 They must be drilled and positioned
efficiently

PME 465 Rock Blasting and Explosive Technology 21

Dr. AKM Badrul Alam
 Heading Round
 The round arrange in a
pattern
 The initial step is in
making an opening into
the solid face
 to produce a void and to
create a face or plane of
relief as deep as it is
practical.

 The plane of relief or void is

called the cut
 A round consists of several
classes
PME of holes
465 Rock Blasting and Explosive Technology 22
Dr. AKM Badrul Alam
 Heading Round
 Classes of holes
 First an initial cut is
created
 Then that cut area has
to be spreaded to
achieve sufficient area
 So that other drill holes
which are drilled in the
adjacent of that area can
easily utilize this free
face area

PME 465 Rock Blasting and Explosive Technology 23

Dr. AKM Badrul Alam
 After blasting of heading round
 Rest portion the blasting is as same as
the bench blasting which is carried out in
the surface.
 In case of surface it is vertical, in case
of
underground it is horizontal.
 So, all the holes placed in this position are
horizontally drilled.

PME 465 Rock Blasting and Explosive Technology 24

Dr. AKM Badrul Alam
 Contour holes
 Roof contour holes
 Wall contour holes
 Lifters are basically the floor contour
holes.
 Contour holes or periphery holes
 Drilled in a special manner
 Excavated blasted at in a special manner
 Damages to the rock mass should not be there.

PME 465 Rock Blasting and Explosive Technology 25

Dr. AKM Badrul Alam
 The design of heading round depends on
 Desired utilization of heading
 Cross-sectional area
 Rock and drilling parameters
 Skill of miner

PME 465 Rock Blasting and Explosive Technology 26

Dr. AKM Badrul Alam
 Holes are always drilled horizontally
 Stopping holes
 Roof holes
 Wall contour holes
 Floor control

PME 465 Rock Blasting and Explosive Technology 27

Dr. AKM Badrul Alam
 Expertise is basically required in the cut
holes and cut spreader holes
 so that the desired length of free face has
to
be created
 Governs the advance can be achieved by a blast
round.
 So, basically all those technical
requirements or planning designing
requirements are there in the designing of
a cut.
PME 465 Rock Blasting and Explosive Technology 28
Dr. AKM Badrul Alam
 Cuts
 The principle patterns in sub-surface
excavations
 Wedge cut
 Pyramid cut
 Drag cut

 Fan cut

 Burn cut

 Ring drilling

 Each type of cut has many variations of

designs to make them adaptable to a
particular formation
PME 465 Rock Blasting and Explosive Technology 29
Dr. AKM Badrul Alam
 Blasting sequences
 Cut holes
 Must be broken and completely removed
to create a void for expansion and relief
 Prior to the blasting of the stopping holes, first
the cut has to be created at first.

PME 465 Rock Blasting and Explosive Technology 30

Dr. AKM Badrul Alam
 Blasting sequences
 Cut spreader
 Second delay
 Stopping holes
 Third

 Contour holes
 4th 5th 6th
 or maybe in
the
simultaneou
PME 465sly in the
Rock Blasting and Explosive Technology 31
Dr. AKM Badrul Alam
 Wedge/ V cut

 Centrally one wedge is

found to create the free
surface.
 There ends are trying to
meet each other

PME 465 Rock Blasting and Explosive Technology 32

Dr. AKM Badrul Alam
 Wedge/ V cut

PME 465 Rock Blasting and Explosive Technology 33

Dr. AKM Badrul Alam
 Wedge/ V cut
 Holes are drilled in inclined
manner
 These are drilled such a
manner so that and
wedge will be found.
 Wedge excavation
pattern.

PME 465 Rock Blasting and Explosive Technology 34

Dr. AKM Badrul Alam
 Wedge/ V cut
 Blasthole are drilled at an angle to the face in an uniform
wedge formation
 so that the axis of symmetry is at the center line of the
face
 The cut displaces a wedge of rock out of the face in the
initial blast
 and this wedge is widened to the full width of the drift
in subsequent blasts,
 each blast being fired with detonators of suitable delay
time.
 The apex angle is near as possible to 60 deg
 Suited to large size drifts, which have well laminated or
fissured rocks
PME 465 Rock Blasting and Explosive Technology 35
Dr. AKM Badrul Alam
 Strength Strength Kinds of rocks Strength
Gradati on of coefficient, f degree
Rock
I 20 Veryhardquartz, basalt Hardest
II 15 Veryhardgranite, quartz porphyry, hardquartzite, veryhardsandstone Very hard

III 14 Hardgranite, blackgranite Hard

12 Medium granite, limy sandstone, quartz, hardgneiss
11 Veryhardlimestone

10 Fine quartz-sandstone
IIIA 9 Course granite, ophite
8 H ard limy-conglomerate, hardquartz-sandstone, harddolomite, limestone

7 Basalt, limy-rock, limestone, sandstone

IV 6 Hardsand-argillite, magneti te A little hard
IVA 5 Argil-sandstone
V 4 Hardargillaceoussandstone, non-hard sandstone and lime stone, soft conglomerate Middle hard

VA 3 Non-hardargillite, dense argillite, soft limestone

VI 2 Soft argillite, softest limestone, gypsum, frozensoil, brokensandstone, anthracitic coal Soft

VIA 1.5 Soil with much gravels, broken argillite, consolidated conglomerate and gravel, hard brown
coal

VII 1.0 Dense clay, common brown coal, hard capping Softer
VIIA 0.8 Light sand-clay, gravel Softer
VIII 0.6 Moor coal, light sand-clay, west sand Softer
IX 0.5 Sand, fine gravel Broken
PME 465 Rock Blasting and Explosive Technology 36
X 0.3 Mud, yellow soil Soluble in
Dr. AKM Badrul Alam
 Arrangement factors of cut
holes of wedging
Strength Number of Angle between Distance between
coefficient of rock, pairs of cut free surface and cut holes in each
F holes cut hole pair, m
15-20 4 55-60 0.2-0.3
20 3 65-70 0.3-0.4
8 3 65-70 0.4-0.5
5-6 3 70-75 0.5-0.6
3-4 2-3 75-80 0.6-0.7
1.5-2 2 75-80 0.7-0.8

PME 465 Rock Blasting and Explosive Technology 37

Dr. AKM Badrul Alam
 Depth of cut holes of wedging

 Relationship between depth of the cut

holes with
 Angle between the face surface and the cut
hole
 Width of face. 38
 Problem
 The wedge cut-holes are being used in a 3m width working
face in an underground mine. Generally 60 degree angle
between the free surface and cut-holes needed to be
maintained to form wedging in the drilling and blasting method.
 The angle between face surface and cut-holes in wedging is
60 degree.
 Determine the length of the wedging cut-holes.
 Produce the characteristics curve of angle and length of
holes in the drilling and blasting pattern if the angle between
free surface and cutholes in wedging varies from 10 to 80
degree by an increase of 10 degree.

PME 465 Rock Blasting and Explosive Technology 39

Dr. AKM Badrul Alam
B, m β, degree L, m
3 10 0.141062
3 20 0.291176
3 30 0.46188
3 40 0.67128 B=3m; β=60 deg
3 50 0.953403
3 60 1.385641
5
3 70 2.197982
3 80 4.537025 4

3
L, m

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
PME 465 Rock Blasting and Explosive Technology β, deg 40
Dr. AKM Badrul Alam
 5
y = 0.104e 0.045x
4
R² = 0.987
3
L, m

2
1
0
0 20 40 60 80

β, deg

PME 465 Rock Blasting and Explosive Technology 41

Dr. AKM Badrul Alam
 Depth of cut holes of wedging

PME 465 Rock Blasting and Explosive Technology 42

Dr. AKM Badrul Alam
Number of cut holes of wedging

PME 465 Rock Blasting and Explosive Technology 43

Dr. AKM Badrul Alam
 Problem
 In drilling and blasting of an underground mine the wedge-
cut cut-holes are being used where the density of the rock
is 2 g/cc; the density of explosive is being used is 1.5 g/cc.
The explosion speed of the explosive is 1500 m/s whereas
the sound speed of the rock is 2300 m/s. The cross section
of the working is 9.9 m2 having the length of least
resistant line is 1 m.
 Calculate the number of drill holes in the drilling and blasting
method.
 Compute the number of drill holes in the drilling and
blasting method for different rocks having density of 2.5,
3.0 and 3.5 g/cc.

PME 465 Rock Blasting and Explosive Technology 44

Dr. AKM Badrul Alam
 6.0
5.5
5.0
N

4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2 2.5 3 3.5 4
ρm, g/cc

ρc, g/cc kg/m3 ρm, g/cc kg/m3 D, m/s C, m/s J m S,m2 S1, m2 W,m N

1.5 1500 2.0 2000 1500 2300 0.49 2.22 9.9 2 1 3.6

1.5 1500 2.5 2500 1500 2700 0.33 1.78 9.9 2 1 4.4

1.5 1500 3.0 3000 1500 3000 0.25 1.56 9.9 2 1 5.1

1.5 1500 3.5 3500 1500 3500 0.18 1.40 9.9 2 1 5.6

PME 465 Rock Blasting and Explosive Technology 45

Dr. AKM Badrul Alam
 6.0
y = 3.680ln(x) + 1.030
R² = 0.999
5.0
N

4.0

3.0
2 2.5 3 3.5
ρm, g/cc

PME 465 Rock Blasting and Explosive Technology 46

Dr. AKM Badrul Alam