TUTORIAL FAD1004

Firdaus
Amirul
Hannani
Q1
a. Why is the Hardy-
Weiberg principle
important??
 Hardy – Weinberg Law
Describe & predict genotype and allele frequencies in a non-evolving
population

Five Basic Assumptions :

• Large Population Size
• Random Mating
• No Natural Selection
• No Mutation
• No Migration
Given these assumption, a population’s genotype
& allele frequencies will remain unchanged over
successive generation

The population is said to be in Hardy-Weinberg

Equilibirium
 IMPORTANCE…

Enables us to compare a population's actual genetic

structure over time with the genetic structure we would
expect if the population were in Hardy-Weinberg
equilibrium

If genotype frequencies differ from those we would expect

under equilibrium, we can assume that one or more of the
model's assumptions are being violated, and attempt to
determine which one(s)
 Q1
b. Why is the Hardy-
Weiberg equation
useful ??
Hardy-Weinberg Equation

p+q=1
Allele Frequencies

p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
Genotype Frequencies
 Hardy-Weinberg Equation
Allele Frequencies

p
Recessive allele (a)

Dominant allele (A)

q
 Hardy-Weinberg Equation
Genotype Frequencies

p2 q2
Genotype heterozygous
Genotype homozygous dominant (Aa)
Genotype homozygous
dominant (AA)
recessive (aa)

pq
 Why it is useful???

Describe
mathematically the
genetic product of a
population in which all
individual are equally It calculates the
likely to survive & genotype frequencies
produce offspring that will be observed in a
population that is not
evolving.

This information functions as a null

hypothesis or standard against which we can
judge if a population is evolving
 EXAMPLE….

You have sampled a population in

which, homozygous recessive genotype
(aa) is 36% . Calculate ;

i. The frequency of “aa” genotype

ii. The frequency of “a” allele
iii. The frequency of “A” allele
iv. The frequency of genotype “AA” and “Aa”
v. The frequencies of 2 possible phenotype if “A” is
completely dominant over “a”
i. The frequency of “aa” genotype
- 36% = 0.36

ii. The frequency of “a” allele

q2 = 0.36
q = √0.36
q = 0.6

iii. The frequency of “A” allele

q = 0.6
p+q=1
p = 0.4
iv. The frequency of genotype “AA” and “Aa”
Freq. AA = p2
p2 = (0.4)2 = 0.16
Freq. Aa = 2pq
2pq = 2(0.6)(0.4) = 0.48

v. The frequencies of 2 possible phenotype if “A” is

completely dominant over “a”
Freq of dominant phenotype = (AA) + (Aa)
= 1 – 0.36 = 0.64
Freq of recessive phenotype = (aa)
= 0.36