IN

IN THE
THE NAME
NAME OF
OF ALLAH,THE
ALLAH,THE MOST
MOST BENIFICIANT
BENIFICIANT THE
THE MOST
MOST MERCIFUL
MERCIFUL
 Presented To:
Dr. Muhammad Khalid
Presented By:
Mehak Shabbir
BCH172003
Topics Of Presentation:
1. Wave Functions
2. Born's Interpretation
Contents:
• Wave fuction
• Born's interpretation of wave function
• Required properties of wave function
Wave Function:
• In quantum mechanics, the object is described by a state
• This state is characterized by wave function
• Represented by Greek letter ѱ or Ѱ
• Carries information of the electron that is associated with it
• Can obtain information about
 electon's energy
 angular momentum
 orbiatl orientation
• Can have positive or negative sign
• Waves can interfere:
 constructively
 wave function leads to bonding
 destructively
 wave function leads to non-bonding
• Erwin Schrodinger in 1926, deduced wave functions for hydrogen
• 
 is continuous
 establishes the probability distribution in three dimensions
 permits the calculation of effective average value of a given variable
 for a free particle is a sin wave
implying a precisely determined momentum and totally uncertain
position
• Wave function is interpred as a probability amplitude
• Ψ2 is the probability density
• Proportional to the probability of finding a partcicle at a particular point at
a particular time
2
   

 is the probability density

• Probability of finding an electron somewhere in space is equal to 1
Properties of wave function:
• It must be finite everywhere
 If  is infinite for a particular point, it means that there is an infinite
large probability of finding the particles at that point. this would
violates the uncertainty principle
• It must be singled valued
 If  has more than one value at that point, it means there is more than
one value of probability of finding the particle at that point which is
rediculous
• It must be normalized
• It must be continuous and have continuous fisrt derivative everywhere
  
, , must be continuous
x y z
Born's interpretation of wave function:

• Born's proposed that:

 square of the modulus is proportional to the probability density
(probability per unit volume) that the electron is in the volume (dτ)
located at (ri).
 P(r ⃗ ,t) = Ψ * (r ⃗ ,t)Ψ(r ⃗ ,t)
 = | Ψ (r ⃗ ,t)|^2
 where r ⃗ is a vector (x,y,z) specifying a point in three dimensional space
• Born's probability therefore calls the wave function of probability
amplitude
• The probability that a single quantum particle moving in one spatial
dimension will be found in a region
x ∈ [a ,b]
• If a measurement of its location is performed then it is represented as
P(x∈[a,b]) = ∫ba |ψ(x)|2dx
• In three dimensions, it is represented differently
P(x∈τ [a ,b]) = ∫V |ψ(τ⃗ )|2dτ
• Integration extends over a specified volume (V) with the symbol (dτ)
• Cartesian
dτ = dxdydz
• Spherical:
dτ = r2sinϕdrdθdϕ
• Cylindrical:
dτ = rdrdϕdz
• For rectilinear Cartesian space,
P(x∈[a,b]) = ∫bxax∫byay∫bzaz|ψ(x,y,z)|2dxdydz
• It is not possible to measure all properties of a quantum system precisely
• Wave function is related to the probability that an observable has a specific
value
• Often called the Copenhagen interpretation
Particle in 1-D box:
Particle in 2-D box:
Summary:
• A system's wave function provides all possible information on it
• The wave function provides probabblities for values of propeerties
 Born (Copenhegan) interpreation
 when a system is in eigen state, th value is exact
Reapeated measurements give the same result
 Examples:
particle in 1-D box, particle in 2-D box