C H

A R
E SE
R
IN
ER
T
PU
OM
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MARIO C. OLI
C A G AYA N S T AT E U N I V E S I T Y
CARIG CAMPUS, TUGUEGARAO CITY
Statistics is both a
science and an art.
 Definition of Statistics
- orderly arrangement of knowledge and facts based on careful observation and experimentation.

- a scientific body of knowledge that deals with the collection, organization or presentation,
analysis, interpretation of data and drawing conclusions about a broader body of data on the
basis of a representative sample.

Processes Involved:

Collection: refers to the gathering of information or data.

Organization or Presentation: involves summarizing data or information in textual, graphical,

or tabular forms.

Analysis: involves describing the data by using statistical methods and procedures.

Interpretation: refers to the process of making conclusions based on the analyzed data.
Two Areas in Statistics:

Descriptive Statistics: consists of methods of collecting and describing a set

of data to yield valid information. This can be presented in forms such as bar
graphs, pie graphs, and line graphs; the numerical tables.

Inferential Statistics: consists of methods of analyzing a subset or part of the

population leading to predictions or inferences about the population.

Seatwork 1(descriptive and inferential): Please answer seatwork 1 in

your MS Teams under ACTIVITY CHANNEL
Applications of Statistics:

1. Business 6. Agriculture

2. Education 7. Entertainment

3. Psychology 8. Everyday Life

4. Politics and Governance 9. Technology

5. Medicine 10. Sports

Terminologies:
Population: consists of the totality of the observations. It is the complete set of all possible
observations or elements to be studied.
Parameter: a numerical value that describes a characteristic of a population, which is
often represented by a Greek letter (µ). It is a constant value.

Sample: a subset of the population.

Statistic: numerical value describing a characteristic of a sample.

Variable: an observable characteristic that can be measured or classified.

Types:
1. Qualitative Variable: assumes values that can be categorized according to some distinct
characteristics or attribute. It has no numerical value.
2. Quantitative Variable: includes variables that assume numerical values.

Classification:

a. discrete variable: assumes a finite or countable number of values and is obtained

through the process of counting.

b. Continuous variable: assumes infinitely many values that corresponds to the point on
a line or interval and is obtained through measuring.

Seatwork 2 (discrete and continuous): Please answer seatwork 2 in

your MS Teams under ACTIVITY CHANNEL
 3. Dependent Variable: a variable which is affected or influenced by another variable.

4. Independent Variable: one which affects or influences the dependent variable.

Data: facts, or set of information or observations under study.

- It is the variable that is measured from a set of experimental units.

Exercise 2: Classify the variables used in the survey.

Scales or Level of Measurement:

1. Nominal Scale: numbers or symbols used to classify units into distinct categories.

2. Ordinal Scale: accounts for order. No indication of distance between positions, data
are arranged in some specified order or rank.

3. Interval Scale: equal intervals(fixed unit of measurement), no absolute zero.

4. Ratio Scale: Has absolute zero.

Seatwork 3(level of measurement). Answer that in MS Teams

 QUANTITATIVE
VARIABLES
QUALITATIVE
VARIABLES
Determining Sample Size

For known population:

Watch the link below for the
discussion of example: like,
share and subcribe….

https://www.youtube.com/wa
tch?v=RBlsC_pXSJM

Almeda, Capistrano, and Sarte (2010)

Where, n – sample size

N – population
e – margin of error
- A constant value of 1.96
Sampling Technique
 a procedure used to determine the individuals or members of a
sample.

Two Types of sampling Technique

1. Probability Sampling

 a sampling technique wherein each member or element of the

population has an equal chance of being selected as members of the
sample.

a. Random sampling

 basic type of probability sampling wherein each member

of the population has an equal chance of being selected as
a member of the sample chosen from a complete list of the
members of the population.
 Types:
Watch and study the discussion on
this link…LIKE, SHARE AND
- Lottery Method SUBCRIBE THIS VIDEO on
systematic sampling..
- Table of Random Numbers https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=Clun2OtM1dY
b. Systematic Sampling
 sampling technique wherein the selection of members in the sample is
done by choosing a random starting point, then draw successive
elements from the population. In other words, it is picking of the kth
element of the population as a member of the sample.

c. Stratified Random Sampling

 Stratified-comes from the root word strata which means groups or
Watch till the end this
link on stratified categories(singular form-stratum).
sampling.. Like, share
and subscribe.
https://www.youtube.co 
m/watch?
dividing the elements of a population into different categories or
v=tD4NlRbbW14&t=46s subpopulations and then the members of the sample are drawn or
selected proportionally from each population
 d. Cluster Sampling
 sampling wherein groups or clusters instead of individuals are randomly
chosen. It is sometimes called area sampling.

e. Multi-stage Sampling
 a combination of several sampling techniques which is done by starting
the selection of the members of the sample using cluster sampling and
then dividing each cluster or group into strata, then from each stratum
individuals are drawn randomly using simple random sampling.

2. Non-Probability Sampling
 a sampling technique wherein members of the sample are drawn from the
population based on the judgment of the researchers. This technique lacks
objectivity of selection, hence, it is sometimes called subjective sampling.
 a. Convenience Sampling
 sampling technique that is being by researchers due to the convenience it
offers them

b. Opportunity sampling
 this sampling selects the samples as they come along regardless of
whether the elements in the population have an equal chance of
being selected.

c. Quota Sampling

 sampling procedure wherein the proportions of the various

subgroups in the population are determined and the sample is
drawn to have the same percentage in it and that the selection of
the members of the sample is not done randomly.

Seatwork 4(sampling technique): answer this in the MS Teams

d. Purposive Sampling
 the selection of the elements or members in the sample is purposeful.

d. Snowball Sampling
 Also known as Chain referral sampling.
 used by researchers to identify potential subjects in studies where subjects are
hard to locate.