Chapter 4

CAD Modeling
CAD in General
COMPUTER AIDED DRAWING
Computer Aided Drawing (CAD) is where we produce our orthographic and
3D drawings using a computer software package. CAD has many
advantages and disadvantages over traditional drawing on a drawing board
with a pencil. Below is an example of a CAD drawing.

This graphic shows an

example of a 3D drawing
which was created as a
line drawing and then
rendered.
 COMPUTER AIDED DRAWING

•Drawings are more Accurate

•Ease of modification / edit drawings
•Standardisation of drawings
•Drawings can be sent over large distances using e-mail.
•Ability to use a library of commonly used
shapes/drawings.
COMPUTER AIDED DRAWING

•Initial cost of hardware and software

•Need to re-train staff
•Computers may crash and drawings are lost
•Security of files; files may be hacked
•Need to update software
 Objective of CAD
• Apply computers to both modeling and
communication of designs
• Basic level use computers to automate or
assist in tasks such as drawings, diagrams,
parts list, BOM
• Advanced level provide new techniques to
assist designer in the process of design
 Modeling and
Communication in Drawing
Graphic Communications –
Drawings

Production / Working drawings

•Detail drawing
•Assembly Drawing
•Bill of Materials (sometimes on Assembly)
•Layout (sketch)
 CAD Architecture –
Hardware & Software
 CAD system Architecture
• Hardware
– Computer and peripherals
• Software
– Programs running on hardware
• Data
– Data structure created and manipulated by the
software
• Human knowledge and activities
Type of Solid Modelling
 Why solid modeling?
• Recall weakness of wireframe and surface
modeling
– Ambiguous geometric description
– Incomplete geometric description
– Lack topological (study of shapes) information
– Tedious modeling process
– Awkward user interface
 Solid model
• Solid modeling is based on complete, valid and
unambiguous geometric representation of
physical object.
– Complete  points in space can be classified.
(inside/ outside)
– Valid vertices, edges, faces are connected
properly.
– Unambiguous  there can only be one
interpretation of object
 Solid model representation
schemes

1. Constructive solid geometry (CSG)

2. Boundary representation (B-rep)
 Constructive solid geometry
(CSG)
• Objects are represented as a combination of simpler
solid objects (primitives).
• The primitives are such as cube, cylinder, cone,
torus, sphere etc.
• Copies or “instances” of these primitive shapes are
created and positioned.
• A complete solid model is constructed by combining
these “instances” using set specific, logic operations
(Boolean)
 CSG - Boolean Operation

• Union
– The sum of all points in each of two defined
sets. (logical “OR”)
– Also referred to as Add, Combine, Join, Merge
A B
AB
 Boundary representation
(B-Rep)
• Solid model is defined by their enclosing
surfaces or boundaries. This technique
consists of the geometric information about
the faces, edges and vertices of an object with
the topological data on how these are
connected.
B-Rep data structure
v5

f3 f2 E3
E4
E1 v4 E7
f4 E2 E6 v3
f5
E8 f1
v1
E5 v2
Sketching in 3-D
Solid Modelling
 [2]
[1]

[3]

[1] http://www.soliddna.com/SEcommunity/page/Solid%20Edge%20Wiki/Home.html/_/solid-edge-wiki/solid-modeling/parttips
[2] http://www.ellenfinkelstein.com/acadblog/tutorial-convert-a-3d-solid-to-a-3-view-2d-drawing-in-model-space/
[3] http://www.soliddna.com/SEcommunity/page/Solid%20Edge%20Wiki/Home.html/_/solid-edge-wiki/solid-modeling/pattern
Drafting
extension ZONE REV.
REVISIONS

DESCRIPTION DATE APPROVED

line . 500 . 250

2. 000 dim’s
between
1. 000
views
1. 250

dimension
1. 000
line
R. 125
. 500
R. 250

RJE Engineering, Inc.

NAME DATE

DRAWN 4/5/03
CHECKED

Support Bracket
ENG APPR.

MFG APPR.

0.875 countersink – 2 holes MATERIAL

--
Q.A.

COMMENTS:
FINISH
NEXTASSY USED ON -- SIZE DWG. NO. REV.
A 12345-001 01
APPLICATION DO NOT SCALE DRAWING
SCALE:1:1 WEIGHT: SHEET1 O F 1
extension ZONE REV.
REVISIONS

DESCRIPTION DATE APPROVED

line . 500

Detail Part Drawing

. 250

2. 000 dim’s
between
1. 000
views
1. 250

dimension
1. 000
line
R. 125
. 500
R. 250

RJE Engineering, Inc.

NAME DATE

DRAWN 4/5/03
CHECKED

Support Bracket
ENG APPR.

MFG APPR.

0.875 countersink – 2 holes MATERIAL

--
Q.A.

COMMENTS:
FINISH
NEXTASSY USED ON -- SIZE DWG. NO. REV.
A 12345-001 01
APPLICATION DO NOT SCALE DRAWING
SCALE:1:1 WEIGHT: SHEET1 O F 1
extension ZONE REV.
REVISIONS

DESCRIPTION DATE APPROVED

line . 500 . 250

2. 000 dim’s
between
1. 000
views
title block filled in
1. 250

dimension
1. 000
line
R. 125
. 500
R. 250

RJE Engineering, Inc.

NAME DATE

DRAWN 4/5/03
CHECKED

Support Bracket
ENG APPR.

MFG APPR.

0.875 countersink – 2 holes MATERIAL

--
Q.A.

COMMENTS:
FINISH
NEXTASSY USED ON -- SIZE DWG. NO. REV.
A 12345-001 01
APPLICATION DO NOT SCALE DRAWING
SCALE:1:1 WEIGHT: SHEET1 O F 1
extension ZONE REV.
REVISIONS

DESCRIPTION DATE APPROVED

line . 500 . 250

2. 000 dim’s
between
1. 000
viewshere
revisions added
1. 250

dimension
1. 000
line
R. 125
. 500
R. 250

RJE Engineering, Inc.

NAME DATE

DRAWN 4/5/03
CHECKED

Support Bracket
ENG APPR.

MFG APPR.

0.875 countersink – 2 holes MATERIAL

--
Q.A.

COMMENTS:
FINISH
NEXTASSY USED ON -- SIZE DWG. NO. REV.
A 12345-001 01
APPLICATION DO NOT SCALE DRAWING
SCALE:1:1 WEIGHT: SHEET1 O F 1
extension ZONE REV.
REVISIONS

DESCRIPTION DATE APPROVED

line . 500 . 250

2. 000 dim’s
between
1. 000
views
1. 250

dimension
1. 000
line
R. 125
. 500
R. 250

mfg. process notes

RJE Engineering, Inc.
NAME DATE

DRAWN 4/5/03
CHECKED

Support Bracket
ENG APPR.

MFG APPR.

0.875 countersink – 2 holes MATERIAL

--
Q.A.

COMMENTS:
FINISH
NEXTASSY USED ON -- SIZE DWG. NO. REV.
A 12345-001 01
APPLICATION DO NOT SCALE DRAWING
SCALE:1:1 WEIGHT: SHEET1 O F 1
3-D Assembly Drawing
 Assembly Drawing
 When a product has more than one part, an assembly drawing is
necessary to show how the product is assembled when it is
finished. It shows someone a general idea about how the finished
product is supposed to look.
 It is called a working drawing that tells what is made, what material
to use, what tolerance is applicable, and other critical information.
 The assembly drawing can have as many views as needed to show
all the parts.
 A sectional view is often included to show the material used for one
or more parts and also to show how the final product is assembled.
 Each part has a circled number that is used in an accompanying
table to show critical information needed to manufacture the parts
and to assemble the product.
 Assembly Drawing
8

ITEMNO. QTY
1
. PARTNO.
1 guide
7

Example
MATERIAL
SS303
6 5 4 3

ZONE REV.
2

REVISIONS

DESCRIPTION
1

DATE APPROVED

2 1 rod SS303
3 1 PLATE SS303
D
D 4 2 M8-1.25x30 ALUMINUM
5 2 4mmcapscrew ALUMINUM

4
C C

? 5

B B
?

UNLESSOTHERWISESPECIFIED:
<COMPANYNAME>
DATE NAME

DIMENSIONSAREININCHES DRAWN
TOLERANCES:
FRACTIONAL CHECKED TITLE:
A ANGULAR: MACH BEND
ENG APPR. A
TWO PLACEDECIMAL
THREEPLACEDECIMAL
MFG APPR. 1GR_exASSEMBLY
INTERPRETGEOMETRIC Q.A.
PROPRIET
ARYANDCONFIDENT
IAL TOLERANCING PER:
COMMENTS:
THEINFORMATIONCONTAINEDINTHIS
MATERIAL
-- SIZE DWG. NO. REV
B
DRAW INGIS THESOLEPROPERTYOF
<INSERTCOM PANYNAMEHERE>. ANY
REPRODU CTIONINPARTORASAWHOLE FINISH
W ITHOUTTHEWRITTENPERMISSIONOF
NEXTASSY USEDON --
<INSERTCOM PANYNAMEHERE>IS
PROHIBITED. APPLICATION SCALE: 1:1 WEIGHT: SHEET1 OF1
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

REVISIONS

ITEMNO. QTY. PARTNO. MATERIAL ZONE REV. DESCRIPTION DATE APPROVED

1 1 guide SS303
2 1 rod SS303
3 1 PLATE SS303
D
D 4 2 M8-1.25x30 ALUMINUM
5 2 4mmcapscrew ALUMINUM

4
C C

? 5 Exploded
view
B B
?

UNLESSOTHERWISESPECIFIED:
<COMPANYNAME>
DATE NAME

DIMENSIONSAREININCHES DRAWN
TOLERANCES:
FRACTIONAL CHECKED TITLE:
A ANGULAR: MACH BEND
ENG APPR. A
TWO PLACEDECIMAL
THREEPLACEDECIMAL
MFG APPR. 1GR_exASSEMBLY
INTERPRETGEOMETRIC Q.A.
PROPRIET
ARYANDCONFIDENT
IAL TOLERANCING PER:
COMMENTS:
THEINFORMATIONCONTAINEDINTHIS
MATERIAL
-- SIZE DWG. NO. REV
B
DRAW INGIS THESOLEPROPERTYOF
<INSERTCOM PANYNAMEHERE>. ANY
REPRODU CTIONINPARTORASAWHOLE FINISH
W ITHOUTTHEWRITTENPERMISSIONOF
NEXTASSY USEDON --
<INSERTCOM PANYNAMEHERE>IS
PROHIBITED. APPLICATION SCALE: 1:1 WEIGHT: SHEET1 OF1
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

REVISIONS

ITEMNO. QTY. PARTNO. MATERIAL ZONE REV. DESCRIPTION DATE APPROVED

1 1 guide SS303
2 1 rod SS303
3 1 PLATE SS303
D
D 4 2 M8-1.25x30 ALUMINUM
5 2 4mmcapscrew ALUMINUM

4
C C

? 5

B B
?

Bill of Materials
Item number
Quantity UNLESSOTHERWISESPECIFIED:

DIMENSIONSAREININCHES
TOLERANCES:
DRAWN
DATE NAME
<COMPANYNAME>
TITLE:

Part number
FRACTIONAL CHECKED

A ANGULAR: MACH BEND

ENG APPR. A
TWO PLACEDECIMAL
THREEPLACEDECIMAL
MFG APPR. 1GR_exASSEMBLY
INTERPRETGEOMETRIC Q.A.

Material type or Source

PROPRIET
ARYANDCONFIDENT
IAL TOLERANCING PER:
COMMENTS:
THEINFORMATIONCONTAINEDINTHIS
MATERIAL
-- SIZE DWG. NO. REV
B
DRAW INGIS THESOLEPROPERTYOF
<INSERTCOM PANYNAMEHERE>. ANY
REPRODU CTIONINPARTORASAWHOLE FINISH
W ITHOUTTHEWRITTENPERMISSIONOF
NEXTASSY USEDON --
<INSERTCOM PANYNAMEHERE>IS
PROHIBITED. APPLICATION SCALE: 1:1 WEIGHT: SHEET1 OF1
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

REVISIONS

ITEMNO. QTY. PARTNO. MATERIAL ZONE REV. DESCRIPTION DATE APPROVED

1 1 guide SS303
2 1 rod SS303
3 1 PLATE SS303
D
D 4 2 M8-1.25x30 ALUMINUM
5 2 4mmcapscrew ALUMINUM

balloon
annotations 4
C C

? 5

B B
?

UNLESSOTHERWISESPECIFIED:
<COMPANYNAME>
DATE NAME

DIMENSIONSAREININCHES DRAWN
TOLERANCES:
FRACTIONAL CHECKED TITLE:
A ANGULAR: MACH BEND
ENG APPR. A
TWO PLACEDECIMAL
THREEPLACEDECIMAL
MFG APPR. 1GR_exASSEMBLY
INTERPRETGEOMETRIC Q.A.
PROPRIET
ARYANDCONFIDENT
IAL TOLERANCING PER:
COMMENTS:
THEINFORMATIONCONTAINEDINTHIS
MATERIAL
-- SIZE DWG. NO. REV
B
DRAW INGIS THESOLEPROPERTYOF
<INSERTCOM PANYNAMEHERE>. ANY
REPRODU CTIONINPARTORASAWHOLE FINISH
W ITHOUTTHEWRITTENPERMISSIONOF
NEXTASSY USEDON --
<INSERTCOM PANYNAMEHERE>IS
PROHIBITED. APPLICATION SCALE: 1:1 WEIGHT: SHEET1 OF1
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
 References
• www.technicaldept.co.uk/CAD.ppt
• www.cwu.edu/.../Intro%20to%20CAD%20modeling%20PPT-%201.ppt
• gactaern.org/.../ENGR_SEG_5_AssemblyDrawingPowerPoint.ppt
• www.ndetp.org/HS/HSU3EngineeringCommunicationAB.ppt
• www3.nd.edu/~atovar/ame30362f08/Chapter13.ppt
• gmm.fsksm.utm.my/~suriati/gm/SOLID_MODEL.ppt