POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

EET308/3

1 EET308 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

 CHAPTER 4

SYMMETRICA
L
FAULT

2 EET308 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

 On completion of this lesson, a student
should be able to:

Ability to analyze fault current in

Symmetrical Fault

3 EET308 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

 TOPIC OUTLINE

4.1 Introduction
4.2 Balance Three-phase Fault
4.3 Short-circuit Capacity
4.4 Systematic Fault Analysis Using Bus Impedance
Matrix
4.5 Selection of Circuit Breaker

4 EET308 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

 4.1 INTRODUCTION
Faults in power systems are divided into three-phase
balanced fault and unbalanced faults.
The information from fault studies are used for
proper relay setting and coordination.
Three-phase balanced fault – the information is used
to select and set phase relay.
Fault analysis also used to determine the rating of
protective switchgear.
The magnitude of the fault current depends on the
internal impedance of the generator and the
network.

5 EET308 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

 4.2 BALANCED THREE-PHASE
FAULT
 Xd” – subtransient reactance
 Xd’ – transient reactance
 Xd – synchronous reactance
 Generally, subtransient reactance is used for determining
the interrupting capacity of the circuit breakers.
 While transient reactance is used for relay setting and
coordination.
 If the fault impedance is zero, the fault is referred as the
bolted fault or the solid fault.
 Since the impedance of a new path is usually low, an
excessive current may flow.
6 EET308 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS
 4.2 BALANCED THREE-PHASE
FAULT
Symmetrical AC
component of the fault
current:

1) Subtransient: first cycle

or so after the fault – AC
current is very large and
falls rapidly;
2) Transient: current falls at
a slower rate;
3) Steady-state: current gets
back to normal.

7 EET308 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

 ASSUMPTION BEEN MADE
Load current is neglected (no load condition)
All prefault bus voltages are assumed to be equal to
1.0 per unit.
Shunt capacitances are neglected
Resistances are neglected
All generators are running at their rated voltage and
rated frequency with their emf in phase.

8 EET 102 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II

 EXAMPLE 4.1
The one line diagram of a simple three-bus power system is shown in the
Figure 4.1. Each generator is represented by an emf behind the transient
reactance. All impedances are expressed in per unit in a common 100
MVA base, and for simplicity, resistances are neglected. The following
assumption are made:
shunt capacitances are neglected and the system is considered on no
load.
all generators are running at their rated voltage and rated frequency
with their emf in phase
Determine the fault current, the bus voltages and the line currents
during the fault when a balanced three-phase fault with a fault
impedance Zf = j0.16 p.u. fault occurs on
a)bus 3
b)bus 2
c)bus 1

9 EET308 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

 EXAMPLE 4.1

j0.1. j0.2

j0.1 j0.2
j0.8
1 2

j0.4 j0.4

Figure 4.1 One-line diagram of a simple

power system

3
10 EET308 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS
 SOLUTION
 (a) Fault on bus 3

j0.2 j0.4
j0.8
1 2

j0.4 j0.4
Impedance network with fault
at bus 3
3

Zf = j0.16
11 EET308 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS
 SOLUTION
Thevenin’s theorem states that j0.2 j0.4
the changes in the network j0.8
voltages caused by the added
branch (the fault impedance) is 1 2
equivalent to those caused by the
added voltage V3(0) with all other
sources short-circuited. j0.4 j0.4

All prefault voltages are 3

assumed to be equal to 1.0 per
unit:
Vth = V3(0)

V1(0) = V2(0) = V3(0) = 1.0 pu I3(F) Zf = j0.16

EET308 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Thevenin’s equivalent network
12
 SOLUTION
 using ∆ to Y transformation j0.2 j0.4

1 2
X 1s 
 j 0.4  j 0.8
 j1.6 j0.2 j0.2
 j 0.2 p.u.

X 2s 
 j 0.4 j 0.8
j0.1
 j1.6
 j 0.2 p.u. 3

X 3s 
 j 0.4 j 0.4 Vth
 j1.6
 j 0.1 p.u. I3(F) j0.16

13 EET308 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

 SOLUTION
 combining the parallel branches, Thevenin
impedance is
j0.24
Z 33 
 j 0.4 j 0.6  j 0.1
j 0.4  j 0.6
j0.1
 j 0.24  j 0.1 p.u.
 j0.34 3
Vth
Z33 is the Thevenin impedance viewed
I3(F) j0.16
From the faulted bus.

14 EET308 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

 SOLUTION
 From figure, the fault current is:

V3  F 
I3  F   Z33 = j0.34
Z 33  Z F
1.0 3

j0.34  j0.16 Vth
  j2.0 p.u.
I3(F) j0.16

15 EET308 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

 SOLUTION
 The current division between the two generators are
j 0.6
I G1     j 2p.u.   j1.2p.u.
j 0.4  j0.6
j 0.4
IG 2     j 2p.u.   j 0.8p.u.
j 0.4  j0.6

 The bus voltage changes

V1  0   j 0.2  j1.2  0.24 p.u.

V2  0   j 0.4   j 0.8  0.32 p.u.
V3   j 0.16  j 2   1  0.68 p.u.

16 EET308 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

 SOLUTION
 The bus voltages during the fault
V1  F   V1  0  V1  1  0.24  0.76p.u.
V2  F   V2  0  V2  1  0.32  0.68p.u.
V3  F   V3  0   V3  1  0.68  0.32p.u.

 The short circuit line current are

V1  F   V2  F  0.76  0.68
I12  F      j 0.1p.u.
z12 j 0.8
V1  F   V3  F  0.76  0.32
I13  F      j1.1p.u.
z13 j 0.4
V2  F   V3  F  0.68  0.32
I 23  F      j 0.9p.u.
z 23 j 0.4
17 EET308 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS
 SOLUTION
 (b) Fault on bus 2

j0.2 j0.4
j0.8
1 2

j0.4
j0.4 Zf = j0.16

3 Impedance network with fault

18 EET308 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS at bus 2
 SOLUTION

j0.2 j0.4
j0.8
1 2

Vth
j0.4 j0.4

I2(F) Zf = j0.16
Thevenin’s equivalent network
3

19 EET308 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

 SOLUTION
 The equivalent impedance between bus 1 and 2

Z eq 
 j 0.4  j 0.4   j 0.8 j0.2
j0.4
j0.4

 j 0.4  j0.4  j0.8 1 2

 j 0.4 p.u.
Vth

Zf = j0.16 I2(F)

20 EET308 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

 SOLUTION
 Combining parallel branches from ground to bus 2 results

Z 22 
 j 0.6  j 0.4
j 0.6  j0.4
 j 0.24 p.u.
Z22 = j0.24
 The fault current is

V2  0  2
I2  F  
Z 22  Z f Vth
1

j 0.24  j 0.16 Zf = j0.16 I2(F)
  j 2.5p.u.

21 EET308 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

 SOLUTION
 The current division between the two generators are
j 0.4
I G1     j 2.5p.u.   j1.0p.u.
j 0.4  j0.6
j 0.6
IG 2     j 2.5 p.u.   j1.5 p.u.
j 0.4  j0.6

 The bus voltage changes

V1  0   j 0.2  j1.0  0.2 p.u.

V2  0   j 0.4  j1.5  0.6 p.u.
  j1.0 
V3  0.2   j 0.4    0.4 p.u.
 2 
22 EET308 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS
 SOLUTION
 The bus voltages during the fault

V1  F   V1  0   V1  1  0.2  0.8p.u.

V2  F   V2  0   V2  1  0.6  0.4p.u.
V3  F   V3  0  V3  1  0.4  0.6p.u.

 The short circuit-current in the line are

V1  F   V2  F  0.8  0.4
I12  F      j 0.5p.u.
z12 j 0.8
V1  F   V3  F  0.8  0.6
I13  F      j 0.5p.u.
z13 j 0.4
V3  F   V2  F  0.6  0.4
I 32  F      j 0.5p.u.
23 EET308 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS
z32 j 0 .4
 SOLUTION
 (c) Fault on bus 1

j0.2 j0.4
j0.8
1 2

Zf = j0.16 j0.4

j0.4

3
Impedance network with fault
at bus 1
24 EET308 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS
 SOLUTION

j0.2 j0.4
j0.8
1 2
Vth
j0.4
j0.4
I1(F) Zf = j0.16

Thevenin’s equivalent network

25 EET308 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS
 SOLUTION
 Combining parallel branches between bus 1 and 2

Z eq 
 j 0.4  j 0.4    j 0.8 j0.2 j0.4
 j 0.4  j0.4  j0.8 j0.4
 j 0.4 p.u. 1 2

Vth

I1(F) Zf = j0.16

26 EET308 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

 SOLUTION
 Combining parallel branches from ground to bus 1 results

Z11 
 j 0.2 j 0.8
j 0.2  j0.8
 j 0.16 p.u. Z11 = j0.16

 The fault current is 1

V1  0 
I1  F   Vth
Z11  Z f
1 I1(F) Zf = j0.16

j 0.16  j 0.16
  j 3.125p.u.
27 EET308 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS
 SOLUTION
 The current division between the two generators are
j 0.8
I G1     j 3.125p.u.   j 2.5p.u.
j 0.2  j0.8
j 0.2
IG 2     j 3.125 p.u.   j 0.625 p.u.
j 0.2  j0.8

 The bus voltage changes

V1  0   j 0.2  j 2.5  0.5 p.u.

V2  0   j 0.4   j 0.625  0.25 p.u.
  j 0.625 
V3  0.5   j 0.4    0.375 p.u.
 2 
28 EET308 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS
 SOLUTION
 The bus voltages during the fault

V1  F   V1  0  V1  1  0.5  0.5p.u.

V2  F   V2  0  V2  1  0.25  0.75p.u.
V3  F   V3  0  V3  1  0.375  0.625p.u.

 The short circuit-current in the line are

V2  F   V1  F  0.75  0.5
I 21  F      j0.3125p.u.
z 21 j 0.8
V3  F   V1  F  0.625  0.5
I 31  F      j 0.3125p.u.
z31 j 0.4
V2  F   V3  F  0.75  0.625
I 23  F      j 0.3125p.u.
z 23 j 0.4
29 EET308 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS
 For More Accurate Calculation
Pre fault bus voltages can be obtained from the
power flow solution.
Include the load currents into fault analysis where
loads are expressed by a constant impedance
evaluated at the pre fault bus voltages.

30 EET 102 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II