DSP C5000

Chapter 20
Polyphase FIR Filter
Implementation
for Communication Systems

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 Multirate Processing 1 of 2
 Multirate processing arises in many fields
of digital signal processing:
 Digital audio: sampling frequency conversion
(32 kHz, 44.1kHz, 48kHz), sharp cut-off of FIR
filter, …
 Signal processing for digital communications:
symbol rate processing, bit rate processing,
sample rate processing, …
 Speech processing: 3G speech codec (Adaptive
Multi Rate), fractionnal pitch estimation, ...
 …

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 Multirate Processing 2 of 2
 Involves two actions on the digital signal:
 Downsampling: resampling downwards the
digital signal in the digital domain.

Fe Fe/M Retain one sample over M and discard

M
the M-1 others, every M samples.

 Upsampling: resampling upwards the digital

signal in the digital domain.

Fe LFe Insert L-1 zeros between each sample

L

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 Downsampling 1 of 2
 x( n) if n  mM ,
x(n) M y(m) y( m )  
0 else.


1 1 M 1 k
y( m )  x ( mM )   x( n) ( n  mM ) 
j 2 n

m   M
x( n) 
M
 x( n)e
k 1
M

Folding term
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 Downsampling 2 of 2
 Anti-aliasing Filter
fc : (Fe/M)/2
x(n) H(z) M y(m)

Fe Fe/M

 Noble identity for decimation

H(zM) M M H(z)

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 Upsampling 1 of 2
 x ( m ) if n  mL ,
x(m) L y(n) y( n)  
0 else.

   
 
Y (z)   y( n) z
n  
n
  x( m ) z
m  
L m
 X zL

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 Upsampling 2 of 2
 Interpolating Filter

fC : (Fe/L)/2
x(m) L H(z) y(n)

Fe LFe

 Noble identity for upsampling

L H(zL) H(z) L

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 Polyphase Implementation of FIR Filters
Decimation Case 1 of 4
H(z) M E(zM) M

mM 1
H  z   h( n ) z n

n0

Let n=lM+k

 
M 1 N / M 1
H  z   z Ek z
k M
with Ek  z    h lM  k  z l

k 0 l 0

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 Polyphase Implementation of FIR Filters
Decimation Case 2 of 4
Processing load (MAC/s)
H(z) M
N

E0(zM)
z-1
E1(zM) MTe Time
z-1
• M-1 filter evaluation over M

EM-1(zM) M are discarded.

• N filter length

Fe Fe/M
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 Polyphase Implementation of FIR Filters
Decimation Case 3 of 4
 Using noble identity

Processing load (MAC/s)

M E0(z)
z-1 N
M E1(z)

z-1
M EM-1(z)
MTe Time

Fe Fe/M
• No more useless computations, but one sampling period over M, CPU is
burdned with N MAC/s.

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 Polyphase Implementation of FIR Filters
Decimation Case 4 of 4
 Equivalent commutator model

Processing load (MAC/s)

E0(z)

E1(z)

N/M

EM-1(z)
MTe Time

Fe Fe/M
• Commutator runs at Fe,. At each input sample only one component is computed and accu-
mulated with the result of the previous one. The result is output when the last component
is reached and accumulator is reset. This spreads the processing load over MTe.
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 Polyphase Implementation of FIR Filters
Interpolation Case 1 of 5
L H(z) L R(zL)

lL 1
H  z    h( n) z  n
n0

Let n=mL+L-1-k

 
L 1 N / L 1
H  z   z  ( L 1  k )
Rk z L
with Rk  z    h mL  L  1  k  z m

k 0 m 0

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 Polyphase Implementation of FIR Filters
Interpolation Case 2 of 5
Processing load (MAC/s)
L H(z)
N

L R0(zL)
z-1

R1(zL) Te/L Time

z-1 • L-1 multiplications by 0 over L

For each filter evaluation.
RM-1(zL)
• N filter length.

Fe LFe
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 Polyphase Implementation of FIR Filters
Interpolation Case 3 of 5
 Using noble identity

R0(z) L • At each output sampling instant,

z -1
only one component is non zero

R1(z) L

z-1
RM-1(z) L

Fe LFe

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 Polyphase Implementation of FIR Filters
Interpolation Case 4 of 5
 Equivalent commutator model

R0(z) Processing load (MAC/s)

R1(z)

N/L

RM-1(z)
Te/L Time
Fe LFe
• For each output sampling instant one polyphase component is computed.
When we reach again the first component (M-1) a new input sample is inputed
in the delay line of each polyphase component.
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 Polyphase Implementation of FIR Filters
Interpolation Case 5 of 5
 Linear Periodically Varying Time system

z-1 z-1

hL-1 h2L-1 h3L-1 z-1 z-1

z-1 z-1

h1 hL+1 h2L+1 h0 hL h2L

h1 hL+1 h2L+1

z-1 z-1 hL-1 h2L-1 h3L-1

h0 hL h2L

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 Case Study

 Shaping filters for a QPSK modem :

 Emitter: interpolation case.
 Receiver: decimation case

 Efficient Algorithm Implementation :

 Good ordering of computations,
 Efficient memory organization and management.

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 Emitter 1 of 4
s(t)=1/2[cos(2fot).cos((Ak,Bk))-sin(2fot).sin((Ak,Bk))]
s(t)=1/2[cos(2fot).cos((Ak,Bk))-sin(2fot).sin((Ak,Bk))]

QPSK modulator
Ak Cos() RCF DAC
: Phase

bits computation
Bk
Sin() RCF DAC

Fb Fs Fe
Bit Symbol Sample
frequency frequency frequency

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 Emitter 2 of 4
 Let Fe=16Fs (16 sample / symbol)
 Define a raised cosine filter with:
 6 symbols length.
 Roll_off : 0.5
 Matlab command
 h=RCOSFIR(0.5,3,16,1);
Equivalent system

16 H(z)

• In red: ideal interpolating filter

• In blue: actual RC filter

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 Emitter 3 of 4
 The 16 Polyphase filters are defined by :
Filter length is 97, impulse response is padded with 0 to reach 112=7*16

N / L 1
Rk  z    h mL  L  1  k  z m With N=112 and L=16

m 0

r0  m    h 15 , h 31 , h 47  , h 63 , h 79 , h 95 , h 111  

r1  m    h 14 , h 30 , h 46 , h 62 , h 78 , h 94 , h 110  
 
r15  m    h 0 , h 16 , h 32 , h 48 , h 64 , h 80 , h 96 

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 Coefficients
Emitter 4 of 4
h(0)
h(16)
h(32)
h(48)
h(64)
h(80)
h(96)
Symbols Shuffle coefficients
h(1)
h(17) x(0)
1st sample h(33) x(1) R=flipud(reshape(h,8,12));
2nd sample h(49) x(2)
h(65) x(3) R=round(R*2^15);
h(81) x(4)
h(97) x(5) fid=fopen('coef.inc','wt');
15 sample
th x(6)
for p=1:8
fprintf(fid,'\t.word\t%d\n,R(p,:))
end

h(15) fclose(fid);
h(31)
h(47)
h(63)
h(79)
h(95) When coefficient pointer reaches this address a new
h(111)
symbol will be input at the next output sample period
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 Emitter (C callable)
.sect "coefs2"
Ncomp .set 16 ;number of polyphase component
coefs2 .include "coefpoly2.inc"
coefsfin:
coefsize .set coefsfin-coefs2
Lfil .set coefsize/Ncomp ;polyphase component length
filbufQ .usect "filtre2",Lfil ;data buffer

.text
_firinit:
ST #coefs2,*(adbufQ) ;pointer to current coefs pointer
STM #filbufQ,AR2 ;zeroed initial buffer condition
RPT #Lfil-1
STL A,*AR2+
RET

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 _firTxQ:… ;context save
LD #var,DP
STM #coefsize,BK
MVDM adbufQ,AR2 ;current coefs pointer
STM #1,AR0
STM #filbufQ,AR3 ;symbol buffer
STL A,*AR3 ;new sample (guess hold during 16 samples)
RPTZ A,#Lfil-1 ;compute one polyphase component
MAC *AR2+0%,*AR3+,A
MVMD AR2,adbufQ ;save new current coefs pointer
SFTA A,-16
SFTA A,-1 ;output of RCF can be greater than 1 !
CMPM @adbufQ,#coefs2 ;test if delay symbols is needed
BC endTxQ,NTC ;jump if not necessary
MAR *+AR3(-2)
RPT #Lfil-2
DELAY *AR3-
endTxQ:
… ;context restore
RET
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 Symbol vs Sample Output
Symbol output Sample output

Fe: 16 khz f= Fs/8=125 Hz

Fs: 1 khz
constant for each symbol

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 Receiver 1 of 2

Bit Symbol
processing processing

ADC RCF

ADC RCF

Fe Fb Fs

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 Receiver 2 of 2
 Receiver structure is quite similar, except
that:
 Each polyphase component has its own delay tap
 Each polyphase output has to be accumulated for M
polyphase computations and accumulator is outputed
every M input sample and reset.

E0(z)

E1(z)

EM-1(z)

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 Follow on Activities
 Laboratory 10 for the TMS320C5416 DSK
 Illustrates the effects of decimation and anti-
aliasing filters.
 Laboratory 11 for the TMS320C5416 DSK
 Illustrates the effects of interpolation and anti-
imaging filters.
 Application 9 for the TMS320C5416 DSK
 Uses interpolation and decimation to produce
sharper cut-offs FIRs than would be obtained
otherwise.

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 Reference
 Digital Signal Processing a Practical
Approach by Emmanuel C. Ifeachor
and Barrie W. Jervis. Chapter 9. Multirate
digital signal processing.

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