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Kuliah 2 Teori Dan Perkembangan-2
Kuliah 2 Teori Dan Perkembangan-2
Theories of Adolescence
DEVELOPMENT and it
relations to Intra-Inter
development
Aspects of development
physical development - puberty onwards
Social development
Behaviour development
Cognitive development
The process of developing a sense of identity involves experimenting with different ways of
appearing, sounding and behaving. Each adolescent will approach this exploration in his or
her own unique way.
Adolescents must also develop relationship skills that allow them to get along well with others
and to make friends. The specific skills that they need to master as part of their emotional
development include:
Recognizing and managing emotions.
Developing empathy.
Learning to resolve conflict constructively.
Developing a cooperative spirit.
Social development
Key Features of Adolescent Social Development
Social Group
Early Adolescence (ages 9-13)
Middle Adolescence (ages 14-16)
Late
Adolescence
(ages 17-19)
Peers
Center of social world shifts from family to friends.
Peer group tends to be same-sex.
Strong desire to conform to and be accepted by a peer group.
Peer groups gradually give way to one-on-one friendships and romances.
Peer group tends to be gender-mixed.
Dating begins.
Less conformity and more tolerance of individual differences.
Serious intimate relationships begin to develop.
Family
Increasing conflict between adolescents and their parents.
Family closeness most important protective factor against high-risk behavior.
Family influence in balance with peer influence.
Behaviour development
One
developmental dimension within
the meaning making structure that
pertains to how one sees oneself
in relation to others
One developmental dimension within the
meaning making structure
that pertains to one's internal beliefs and values system
INTRAPERSONAL DIMENSIONS
Awareness of your interactional style
Difference between real and ideal self
Level of self-acceptance
Extent to which values are satisfied
Determination of locus of control
Ability to endure stress and pressure
Level of frustration tolerance
Ability to manage anger
One developmental dimension within the meaning making structure
that pertains to how one sees oneself in relation to others
INTERPERSONAL DIMENSIONS
Acceptance of others
Level of assertiveness (Forthright, positive, insistence on the
recognition of one's rights”)
Or it can be nurtured
(boleh dipupuk?)
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Issue #2: Continuity vs. Discontinuity
1.
2.
3.
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Many, Many Theories
Psychoanalytic Theories
Psychoanalytic (Freud, etc.)
Psychosocial Theory (Erikson)
Cognitive Theories
Cognitive Developmental (Piaget)
Sociocultural Cognitive Theory (Vygotsky)
Information Processing
Ecological Theory(Bronfrenbrenner)
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The Many, Many Theories
Psychoanalytic Theories
Psychoanalytic (Freud, etc.)
Psychosocial Theory (Erikson)
Cognitive Theories
Cognitive Developmental (Piaget)
Sociocultural Cognitive Theory (Vygotsky)
Information Processing
Ecological Theory(Bronfrenbrenner)
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Psychoanalytic Theory –
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
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Freud emphasis the 䇾 unconscious 䇿
Id (unconscious)
Aggressive and sexual impulses and instincts
An Artistic Explanation
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Freud on Personality
Repression: pushing
unacceptable id impulses and
painful memories into the
unconscious mind
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Freud: Psychosexual Stages
Piaget's theory also emphasizes the role of teachers in the learning process as
organizers, collaborators, stimulators, and guides.
Developmental Psychologist,
Co-Founder of Head Start
The Individual
Sex, Race/Ethnicity, Health, Age
Microsystem
Settings adolescent spends his/her time; and individuals within them
(Family, Peers, School, Neighborhood)
Adolescent helps shape these settings
Mesosystem
Relationships between different Microsystems
Examples: relationship between school and family experiences; family
and peer experiences
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Bronfrenbrenner’s Systems (cont.)
Exosystem
Links between adolescents immediate context and settings in which adolescent does
not have an active role
Examples: mother’s experience at work; conflict between teacher and his wife
Macrosystem
Culture – 䇾 behavior patterns, beliefs and all other products of a group of people,
passed on from generation to generation 䇿
Examples: Cultural ideas about what the role of a parent should be, what the role of
a teacher should be; laws and practices affecting adolescents
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Bronfrenbrenner’s Systems (cont.)
Chronosystem
Timing of Life Events
Example: impact of divorce on family functioning decreases
over time
Historical Circumstances
Examples: Greater career opportunities for girls; Greater
acceptance of GBLT community