Reviewer in Comparative

Police System

National Criminology Board

Examination
 What is the Scope of Comparative
Police System?
This study covers the different
transnational crimes, their nature and
effects as well as the organization of the
law enforcement set-up in the Philippines
and its comparison to selected police
models and their relation with Interpol
and UN bodies in the campaign against
transnational crimes and in the
promotion of world peace.
 The United Nations
Flag Emblem
What is United Nation?
The United Nations (UN) is an
international organization whose stated
aims are facilitating cooperation in
international law, international security,
economic development, social progress,
human rights, and achievement of
world peace. The UN was founded in 1945
after World War II to replace the
League of Nations, to stop wars between
countries, and to provide a platform for
dialogue.
The UN has 4 main purposes
• To keep peace throughout the world;
• To develop friendly relations among
nations;
• To help nations work together to improve
the lives of poor people, to conquer
hunger, disease and illiteracy, and to
encourage respect for each other’s rights
and freedoms;
• To be a center for harmonizing the
actions of nations to achieve these goals.
There are currently 193 member states. The
organization has five principal organs: the
General Assembly (the main
deliberative assembly); the Security Council
(for deciding certain resolutions for peace and
security); the Economic and Social Council
(for assisting in promoting international
economic and social cooperation and
development); the Secretariat (for providing
studies, information, and facilities needed by
the UN); and the
International Court of Justice (the primary
judicial organ).
Other prominent UN System agencies
include the World Health Organization
(WHO), the World Food Program (WFP) and
United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF).
The UN's most visible public figure is the
Secretary-General, currently Ban Ki-moon
of South Korea, who attained the post in
2007. The organization is financed from
assessed and voluntary contributions from
its member states, and has six official
languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, French
, Russian, and Spanish.
The work of the United Nations
reaches every corner of the globe.
Although best known for
peacekeeping, peace building,
conflict prevention and
humanitarian assistance, there are
many other ways the United Nations
and its System (specialized agencies,
funds and programs) affect our lives
and make the world a better place.
The Organization works on a broad range of
fundamental issues, from sustainable
development, environment and refugees
protection, disaster relief, counter terrorism,
disarmament and non-proliferation, to
promoting democracy, human rights, gender
equality and the advancement of women,
governance, economic and social development
and international health, clearing landmines,
expanding food production, and more, in
order to achieve its goals and coordinate
efforts for a safer world for this and future
generations.
 History
The League of Nations failed to prevent
World War II (1939–1945). Because of the
widespread recognition that humankind could
not afford a Third World War, the United
Nations was established to replace the flawed
League of Nations in 1945 in order to
maintain international peace and promote
cooperation in solving international
economic, social and humanitarian
problems. Franklin D. Roosevelt first coined
the term 'United Nations' as a term to describe
the Allied countries.
On 25 April 1945, the UN Conference on International Organization began in San
Francisco, attended by 50 governments and a number of non-governmental
organizations involved in drafting the Charter of the United Nations. The UN officially
came into existence on 24 October 1945 upon ratification of the Charter by the five
permanent members of the Security Council—France, the Republic of China, the
Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States—and by a majority of the
other 46 signatories. The first meetings of the General Assembly, with 51 nations
represented, and the Security Council, took place in Westminster Central Hall in
London in January 1946.
 The organization was based in Lake Success, New York, from 1946–1952, before
moving to the United Nations Headquarters building in Manhattan upon its
completion.
 Since its creation, there has been controversy and criticism of the United Nations.
In the United States, an early opponent of the UN was the John Birch Society,
which began a "get US out of the UN" campaign in 1959, charging that the UN's aim
was to establish a "One World Government." Charles de Gaulle criticized the UN,
famously calling it le machin ("the thing”).
 Legal basis of establishment
Shortly after its establishment the UN sought
recognition as an international legal person
due to the case of Reparations for Injuries
Suffered in the Service of the United Nations
with the advisory opinion delivered by the
International Court of Justice (ICJ). The
question arose whether the United Nations,
as an organization, had "the capacity to bring
an international claim against a government
regarding injuries that the organization
alleged had been caused by that state."
 Organization
• The United Nations' system is based on five principal organs: the General Assembly,
the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), the Secretariat,
and the International Court of Justice.
• Four of the five principal organs are located at the main
United Nations headquarters located on international territory in New York City.
The International Court of Justice is located in The Hague, while other major
agencies are based in the UN offices at Geneva, Vienna, and Nairobi.
The six official languages of the United Nations, used in intergovernmental meetings
and documents, are Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish,. The
Secretariat uses two working languages, English and French. Four of the official
languages are the national languages of the
permanent members of the Security Council (the United Kingdom and the
United States share English as a de facto official language); Spanish and Arabic are the
languages of the two largest blocs of official languages outside of the permanent
members (Spanish being official in 20 countries, Arabic in 26).
General Assembly
• The General Assembly is the main deliberative assembly of the United Nations.
Composed of all United Nations member states, the assembly meets in regular
yearly sessions under a president elected from among the member states. The first
session was convened on 10 January 1946 in the Westminster Central Hall in
London and included representatives of 51 nations.
• When the General Assembly votes on important questions, a two-thirds majority
of those present and voting is required. The Assembly may make recommendations
on any matters within the scope of the UN.
United Nations General Assembly hall
Security Council
• The Security Council is charged with maintaining peace and security among
countries. The Security Council is made up of 15 member states, consisting of 5
permanent members–China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United
States–and 10 non-permanent members, currently Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil,
Colombia, Gabon, Germany, India, Lebanon, Nigeria, Portugal, South Africa. The
ten temporary seats are held for two-year terms with member states voted in by
the General Assembly on a regional basis. The presidency of the Security Council is
rotated alphabetically each month.
United Nations Security Council chamber
Secretariat
• The United Nations Secretariat is headed by the Secretary-General. It provides
studies, information, and facilities needed by United Nations bodies for their
meetings. It also carries out tasks as directed by the UN Security Council, the UN
General Assembly, the UN Economic and Social Council, and other UN bodies. The
Secretary-General's duties include helping resolve international disputes,
administering peacekeeping operations, organizing international conferences,
gathering information on the implementation of Security Council decisions, and
consulting with member governments regarding various initiatives.
The United Nations Secretariat Building at the United Nations headquarters in New
York City
Secretary-General
• The current Secretary-General is Ban Ki-moon, who took over from Kofi Annan in
2007. Envisioned by Franklin D. Roosevelt as a "world moderator", the position is
defined in the UN Charter as the organization's "chief administrative officer”. The
Secretary-General is appointed by the General Assembly. There are no specific
criteria for the post, but over the years, it has become accepted that the post shall
be held for one or two terms of five years, that the post shall be appointed on the
basis of geographical rotation.
The current Secretary-General, Ban Ki-moon
Secretaries-General of the United Nations
No. Name Country of origin
1 Trygve Lie Norway
2 Dag Hammarskjöld Sweden
3 U Thant Burma
4 Kurt Waldheim Austria
5 Javier Pérez de Cuéllar Peru
6 Boutros Boutros-Ghali Egypt
7 Kofi Annan Ghana
8 Ban Ki-moon South Korea
 International Court of Justice
• The International Court of Justice (ICJ), located in The Hague, Netherlands, is the
primary judicial organ of the United Nations. Established in 1945 by the United
Nations Charter. Its purpose is to adjudicate disputes among states. The court has
heard cases related to war crimes, illegal state interference and ethnic cleansing,
among others, and continues to hear cases. A related court, the
International Criminal Court (ICC), began operating in 2002 through international
discussions initiated by the General Assembly. It is the first permanent
international court charged with trying those who commit the most serious crimes
under international law, including war crimes and genocide.
Peace Palace, seat of the International Court of Justice at The Hague, Netherlands
 Economic and Social Council
The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) assists the General Assembly in promoting
international economic and social cooperation and development. ECOSOC has 54
members, all of which are elected by the General Assembly for a three-year term. The
president is elected for a one-year term. ECOSOC meets once a year in July for a four-
week session. ECOSOC's functions include information gathering, advising member
nations, and making recommendations. In addition, ECOSOC is well-positioned to
provide policy coherence and coordinate the overlapping functions of the UN’s
subsidiary bodies and it is in these roles that it is most active.
The ECOSOC chamber
 Specialized institutions
• There are many UN organizations and agencies that function to work on particular
issues. Some of the most well-known agencies are the
International Atomic Energy Agency, the Food and Agriculture Organization,
UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization), the
World Bank and the World Health Organization.
• It is through these agencies that the UN performs most of its humanitarian work.
Examples include mass vaccination programs (through the WHO), the avoidance of
famine and malnutrition (through the work of the WFP) and the protection of
vulnerable and displaced people (for example, by the UNHCR).
 Membership
With the addition of South Sudan in 2011, there are currently 193 United Nations
member states. The United Nations Charter outlines the rules for membership:
Membership in the United Nations is open to all other peace-loving states that accept
the obligations contained in the present Charter and, in the judgment of the
Organization, are able and willing to carry out these obligations.
The admission of any such state to membership in the United Nations will be effected
by a decision of the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security
Council.
 Stated objectives
Peacekeeping and security
The UN, sends peacekeepers to regions where armed conflict has recently ceased or
paused to enforce the terms of peace agreements and to discourage combatants from
resuming hostilities. Since the UN does not maintain its own military, peacekeeping
forces are voluntarily provided by member states of the UN. The forces, also called
the "Blue Helmets", who enforce UN accords, are awarded United Nations Medals,
which are considered international decorations instead of military decorations. The
peacekeeping force as a whole received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1988.
Human rights and humanitarian assistance
The pursuit of human rights was a central reason for creating the UN. World War II
atrocities and genocide led to a ready consensus that the new organization must work
to prevent any similar tragedies in the future. An early objective was creating a legal
framework for considering and acting on complaints about human rights violations.
The UN Charter obliges all member nations to promote "universal respect for, and
observance of, human rights" and to take "joint and separate action" to that end. The
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, though not legally binding, was adopted by the
General Assembly in 1948 as a common standard of achievement for all. The Assembly
regularly takes up human rights issues.
Social and economic development
The UN is involved in supporting development, e.g. by the formulation of the
Millennium Development Goals. The UN Development Program (UNDP) is the largest
multilateral source of grant technical assistance in the world. Organizations like the
World Health Organization (WHO), UNAIDS, and
The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria are leading institutions in the
battle against diseases around the world, especially in poor countries. The UN
Population Fund is a major provider of reproductive services.32 Un agencies
performing tasks on development are coordinating their efforts through the
United Nations Development Group or UNDG.
PNP International Peace Support Operations and Humanitarian Relief Missions
• On 3 April 1992, the PNP began sending its international contingent to peace
support operations and humanitarian relief missions in conflict areas around the
world. Although most of these endeavors were United Nations-launched, there
were some deployments made under the "lead-nation" concept or as an initiative of
the Government of the Republic of the Philippines.
• UN Peace Support Operations requiring UN Civilian Police services may be armed or
unarmed peacekeeping, peace-building, or specialized efforts.
• CAMBODIA: 1992-93
♦United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC)
• HAITI: 1994-95; 2004–present
♦Operation Uphold Democracy in Haïti - International Police Monitors component
♦UN Mission in Haïti (UNMIH)
♦la Mission des Nations Unies pour la stabilisation en Haïti/
UN Stabilization Mission in Haïti (MINUSTAH)
• EAST TIMOR: 1999-2002
♦UN Mission in East Timor (UNAMET)
♦UN Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET)
• TIMOR-LESTE: 2002–present
♦UN Mission of Support in East Timor (UNMISET)
♦UN Office in Timor-Leste (UNOTIL)
♦UN Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (UNMIT)
• KOSOVO: 1999-2009
♦UN Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK)
• IRAQ: 2003-04
♦Philippine Humanitarian Contingent in Iraq (PHCI)
• LIBERIA: 2004–present
♦UN Mission in Liberia (UNMIL)
• AFGHANISTAN: 2004–09
♦UN Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA)
• THE SUDAN (Southern): 2005–present
♦UN Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS)
• CÔTE D'IVOIRE: 2005-07
♦l'Opération des Nations Unies en Côte d'Ivoire/
UN Operation in Côte d'Ivoire (ONUCI)
• NEPAL: 2007-08
♦UN Mission in Nepal (UNMIN)
• GEORGIA: 2007–09
♦UN Observer Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG)
• LEBANON: 2008
♦UN Independent International Investigation Commission in Lebanon (UNIIIC)
• THE SUDAN (Western): 2008–present
♦UN-African Union Hybrid Mission in Darfur (UNAMID)
• Among the luminaries of the PNP Contingent is Police Director Rodolfo A Tor, who
became the first Filipino police commissioner of a UN operation. In 2006, he was
tasked to head the UN Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste, one of the largest civilian
police operations established by the UN. The PNP Contingent's first female member
was noncommissioned Senior Police Officer 2 Ester A Mardicas (deployed to East
Timor in August 1999), while its first female police commissioned officer was Police
Inspector Aurisa I Mitra (deployed to Kosovo in July 2000).
• As of 30 June 2010, the PNP Contingent has sent 1,600-plus police officers to UN
and other international peace support operations and humanitarian relief missions.
The PNP Contingent awaits the deployment of the Philippine Formed Police Unit,
or FPU, of which creation was approved by the National Police Commission in 2006.
The Interpol
• Interpol, whose full name is the International Criminal Police Organization –
INTERPOL,[1] is an organization facilitating international police cooperation. It was
established as the International Criminal Police Commission in 1923 and adopted
its telegraphic address as its common name in 1956.
• Its membership of 190 countries provides finance of around $59 million through
annual contributions. The organization's headquarters is in Lyon, France. It is the
second largest intergovernmental organization after the United Nations.
• INTERPOL is the world’s largest international police organization, with
190 member countries. Created in 1923, it facilitates cross-border police co-
operation, and supports and assists all organizations, authorities and services
whose mission is to prevent or combat international crime.
• INTERPOL aims to facilitate international police co-operation even where
diplomatic relations do not exist between particular countries. Action is taken
within the limits of existing laws in different countries and in the spirit of the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights. INTERPOL’s constitution prohibits ‘any
intervention or activities of a political, military, religious or racial character.’
 As defined in Article 5 of its Constitution, INTERPOL (whose correct full name is
'The International Criminal Police Organization – INTERPOL’) comprises the
following:
 General Assembly Executive Committee General Secretariat National Central
Bureaus Advisers The Commission for the Control of INTERPOL’s Files
• The General Assembly and the Executive Committee form the organization’s
Governance.
• General Assembly - INTERPOL’s supreme governing body, it meets annually and
comprises delegates appointed by each member country. The assembly takes all
important decisions related to policy, resources, working methods, finances,
activities and programmes.
• Executive Committee – this 13-member committee is elected by the General
Assembly, and comprises the president, three vice-presidents and nine delegates
covering the four regions.
• General Secretariat - located in Lyon, France, the General Secretariat operates 24
hours a day, 365 days a year and is run by the Secretary General. Officials from
more than 80 countries work side-by-side in any of the Organization’s four official
languages: Arabic, English, French and Spanish. The Secretariat has seven
regional offices across the world; in Argentina, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, El
Salvador, Kenya, Thailand and Zimbabwe, along with Special Representatives at
the United Nations in New York and at the European Union in Brussels.
• National Central Bureaus (NCB) - Each INTERPOL member country maintains a
National Central Bureau staffed by national law enforcement officers. The NCB is
the designated contact point for the General Secretariat, regional offices and other
member countries requiring assistance with overseas investigations and the
location and apprehension of fugitives.
• Advisers – these are experts in a purely advisory capacity, who may be appointed
by the Executive Committee and confirmed by the General Assembly.
• Commission for the Control of INTERPOL’s Files (CCF) – this is an independent
body whose mandate is threefold: (1) to ensure that the processing of personal
information by INTERPOL complies with the Organization's regulations, (2) to advise
INTERPOL on any project, operation, set of rules or other matter involving the
processing of personal information and (3) to process requests concerning the
information contained in INTERPOL's files.
Its current Secretary-General is Ronald Noble, a former United States
Under Secretary of the Treasury for Enforcement. Its current President is Singapore's
Senior Deputy Secretary of the Ministry of Home Affairs and former
Commissioner of Police Khoo Boon Hui; the President before that, Jackie Selebi,
National Commissioner of the South African Police Service, held his term from 2004 till
his resignation on 13 January 2008, after which he was charged in South Africa on
three counts of corruption and one of defeating the course of justice, and replaced by
Arturo Herrera Verdugo, current National Commissioner of
Investigations Police of Chile and former vice president for the American Zone, who
remained acting president until the organization meeting in October 2008.
In order to maintain as politically neutral a role as possible, Interpol's constitution
forbids its involvement in any political, military, religious, or racial crimes. [3] Its work
focuses primarily on public safety, terrorism, organized crime,
crimes against humanity, environmental crime, genocide, war crimes, piracy,
illicit drug production, drug trafficking, weapons smuggling, human trafficking,
money laundering, child pornography, white-collar crime, computer crime,
intellectual property crime and corruption.
 History
The first significant move towards creating INTERPOL was in 1914 at the First
International Criminal Police Congress. Police officers, lawyers and magistrates from
14 countries gathered in Monaco to discuss arrest procedures, identification
techniques, centralized international criminal records and extradition proceedings. [6]
However World War I delayed this initiative and it was not until 1923 that Interpol was
founded at the Second International Police Congress in Vienna as the International
Criminal Police (ICP). Founding members were Austria, Belgium, China, Egypt, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland,
and Yugoslavia.[7] The United States government joined INTERPOL in 1938.[
Following the Anschluss (Austria's annexation by Germany) in 1938, the organization
fell under the control of Nazi Germany, and the Commission's headquarters were
eventually moved to Berlin in 1942. From 1938 to 1945, the presidents of Interpol
included Otto Steinhäusl, Reinhard Heydrich, Arthur Nebe, and Ernst Kaltenbrunner.
All were generals in the SS (Schutzstaffel), and Kaltenbrunner was the highest ranking
SS officer executed after the Nuremberg Trial. Reinhard Heydrich was assassinated by
Czech Jan Kubiš and Slovak Jozef Gabčík in 1942.
• After the end of World War II in 1945, the organization was revived as the
International Criminal Police Organization by European Allies of World War II
officials from Belgium, France, Scandinavia and the United Kingdom. Its new
headquarters were established in Saint-Cloud, a town on the outskirts of Paris.
They remained there until 1989, when they were moved to their present location,
Lyon.
• Until the 1980s Interpol did not intervene in the prosecution of Nazi war criminals
in accordance with Article 3 of its Constitution forbidding intervention in 'political'
matters. However, it has issued arrest warrants for former country leaders like Zine
El Abidine Ben Ali and Hosni Mubarak despite Article 3.
• On 2 July 2010, former Interpol President Jackie Selebi was found guilty of
corruption by the South African High Court in Johannesburg for accepting bribes
worth $156,000 from a drug trafficker.[10] After being charged in January 2008,
Selebi resigned as president of Interpol and was put on extended leave as National
Police Commissioner of South Africa.
 Constitution
• The role of Interpol is defined by the general provisions of its constitution.
• In article 2 To ensure and promote the widest possible mutual assistance between
all criminal police authorities within the limits of the laws existing in the different
countries and in the spirit of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
• To establish and develop all institutions likely to contribute effectively to the
prevention and suppression of ordinary law crimes.
• In article 3 It is strictly forbidden for the Organization to undertake any
intervention or activities of a political, military, religious or racial character.
Interpol headquarters in Lyon.
INTERPOL’s four core functions
1. Secure global police communication services
• INTERPOL’s global police communications system, known as I-24/7, enables police
in all member countries to request, submit and access vital data instantly in a
secure environment.
Using I-24/7, National Central Bureaus (NCBs) can search and cross-check data in a
matter of seconds, with direct access to databases containing information on
suspected terrorists, wanted persons, fingerprints, DNA profiles, lost or stolen
travel documents, stolen motor vehicles, stolen works of art, etc. These multiple
resources provide police with instant access to potentially important information,
thereby facilitating criminal investigations.
2. Operational data services and databases for police

 Member countries have direct and immediate access to a wide range of databases
including information on known criminals, fingerprints, DNA profiles and stolen or
lost travel documents. INTERPOL also disseminates critical crime-related data
through a system of international notices.
3. Operational police support services

 INTERPOL provides law enforcement officials in the field with emergency support
and operational activities, especially in its priority crime areas. A
Command and Co-ordination Centre operates 24 hours a day, seven days a week
and can deploy an Incident Response Team to the scene of a serious crime or
disaster.
• At the Philippines government’s request INTERPOL deployed its team to Cebu City
on 29 June 2008 as part of a collaborative international response working with the
Philippine National Bureau of Investigation (NBI). The INTERPOL team included DNA
and Disaster Victim Identification (DVI) experts and a representative from the
International Commission on Missing Persons (ICMP).
• The DNA-assisted identification process resulted in nearly 2,500 reference blood
samples being collected from family members which assisted in the DNA
identification of 449 victims, enabling their remains to be returned to their loved
ones.
• INTERPOL’s National Central Bureau (NCB) in Islamabad, Pakistan, has issued a
global alert for 13 individuals wanted by police authorities in Pakistan in
connection with the ongoing investigation into the Mumbai terror attacks of
November 2008.
4. Police training and development
 INTERPOL provides focused police training initiatives with the aim of enhancing
the capacity of member countries to effectively combat transnational crime and
terrorism. This includes sharing knowledge, skills and best practices in policing and
establishing global standards.
 20th Asian Regional Conference
Hong Kong, China, 5-7 March 2008
 19th Asian Regional Conference
Jakarta, Indonesia, 11-13 April 2006
 18th Asian Regional Conference
Manila, Philippines, 16-17 March 2004
The Interpol National Central Bureau – Manila
Director General Philippine National Police ------- Chairman
Director, National Bureau of Investigation -------- Member
Commissioner, Bureau of Customs ---------Member
Commissioner, Bureau of Internal Revenue ---------Member
Commissioner, Bureau of Immigration ---------Member
Governor, Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas ---------Member
Executive Director, Dangerous Drug Board ---------Member
Commissioner, EIIB ---------Member

The first four were designated by the President, and the last four were
unanimously chosen by members of the NATIONAL Law Enforcement Coordinating
Committee (NALECC) as authorized by the President thru NALECC Resolution 93-10
dated 21 July 1993.
 The Philippine Center on Transnational Crime was established on January 15, 1999
by virtue of E.O. No. 62 as a functional office under the office of the President.
 Its mission was to formulate and implement a concerted program of action of all
law enforcement and government agencies for the prevention and control of
transnational crimes.
PCTC creation was part of the commitment by the Republic of the Philippines to the
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) to actively engage in the campaign
against transnational organized crimes within the region as adopted in the ASEAN
summit in Hanoi, Vietnam in 1997.
 To underscore its important role in the fight against global crimes, the Center
also endeavored to push for the following initiatives:
1. Strong Regional Cooperation
2. Support to the United Nations
3. Capacity Building of Local Government Units
4. National Cooperation
As part of the country’s active participation in the fight against transnational crimes,
the Philippines hosted international conferences thru the Interpol’s NCB
Secretariat. Sixty two (62) participating countries attended the 18 th Interpol Asian
Regional Conferences held at EDS Shangrila hotel on March 16-17, 2004.
United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime
The Philippines is signatory to UNCTOC which entered into force on 29 September,
2003. The Convention represents a major step forward in the fight against TOC
and signifies the recognition by Member States of the seriousness of the problems
posed by it, as well as the need to foster and enhance close international
cooperation in order to tackle those problems.
Among the more important and relevant issuances pertain to the creation of the following:
 Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA)
 Inter-Agency Council on Anti-Trafficking in Persons (IACAT)
 National Anti-Environmental Crime Task Force (NAECTAF)
 Philippine Center on Transnational Crime (PCTC)
 Information Technology and E-Commerce Council
 Cyber security Task Force
 Optical Media Board (OMB)
 Anti-Terrorism Task Force,
 Anti-Money Laundering Council (AMLAC)
The PNP Integrated Transformation Program
The PNP Integrated Transformation Program, or ITP, is a roadmap for long-term and
lasting reforms in the Philippine National Police. The Transformation Program is
now being implemented in order to resolve organizational dysfunctions and
improve the quality of police services; strengthen law enforcement capabilities,
and; enhance the welfare and benefits of our personnel and dependents.
 Important Personalities
Oskar Dressler 1923–1946 – Austria
Ronald Noble 2000–present – US
Johann Schober 1923–1932 – Austria
Khoo Boon Hui Oct 2008 - Singapore
Ronald Noble
Police System in Selected
Model Countries
 Afghanistan
Afghan National Police
 Afghan National Police
ANP
 Formed 1747
 General nature
Law enforcement
Local civilian police
 Headquarters
Kabul, Afghanistan
 Agency executive
Bismillah Khan Mohammadi, Minster of the Interior
• The Afghan National Police - ANP - (Pashto: /‫د افغانستانملي پولیس‬Persian‫ پلیسملی‬:
‫ ) افغانستان‬is the primary national police force in Afghanistan. It serves as a single
law enforcement agency all across the country. The Afghan police force was first
created with the establishment of the Afghan nation in the early 18th century. The
agency is under the responsibility of Afghanistan's Ministry of Interior, headed by
Bismillah Khan Mohammadi.
• The Afghan National Police force is currently being trained mostly by the
U.S. armed forces and various Federal government employees as well as by many
other NATO states such as Germany's Bundespolizei (BPOL) and United Kingdom's
Scotland Yard. More recently, the Afghan government, with persuasion from NATO,
has employed local police forces known as the Afghan Local Police (ALP).
 Australia
Australian Federal Police
• Australian Federal Police
AFP
• Formed 19 October 1979
• Preceding agencies
Commonwealth Police
Australian Capital Territory Police
Federal Bureau of Narcotics (Australia)
• Governing body
Parliament of Australia
• General nature
Federal law enforcement
Local civilian police
• Headquarters
Edmund Barton Building, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory
• Minister responsible
The Hon Brendan O'Connor MP, Member for Gorton, Home Affairs
• Agency executive Tony Negus, Commissioner
• The Australian Federal Police (AFP) is the federal police agency of the
Commonwealth of Australia. Although the AFP was created by the amalgamation in
1979 of three Commonwealth law enforcement agencies, it traces its history from
Commonwealth law enforcement agencies dating back to the
federation of Australia's six precursor British self-governing colonies in 1901.
• The role of the AFP is to enforce Commonwealth of Australia criminal law and to
protect Commonwealth and national interests from crime in Australia and
overseas. The AFP is Australia's international law enforcement and policing
representative, and the Government's chief source of advice on policing issues.
 Policing ranks
Original Broadband Ranks
Constable
Sergeant
Superintendent
Commander
Assistant Commissioner
Deputy Commissioner
Commissioner
 Bangladesh
Bangladesh Police
• Bangladesh Police
BP
• Population 162,221,000
• Constituting instrument The Police Act, 1861
• General nature
Law enforcement
Civilian police
• Headquarters 6, Phoenix Road, Fulbaria, Dhaka - 1000
• Agency executive:

Hasan Mahmud Khandoker, Inspector General of Police

• Lowest Member: Constable
The Bangladesh Police ( Bangla: বাংলাদেশ পুলিশ ) is the main law enforcement agency
of Bangladesh. It is administered under the Ministry of Home Affairs of the
Government of Bangladesh. It plays a crucial role in maintaining peace and
enforcement of law and order within the whole of Bangladesh. Though the police
are primarily concerned with the maintenance of law and order and security of
persons and property of individuals, it also plays a vital role in the criminal justice
system.
 Cambodia
Law enforcement in Cambodia is handled by the Cambodian police force, which
numbers 64,000. The force is organized into six departments.
• The police are organized into six departments: security, transport, public order,
border, administrative, and judicial. While the judicial police are meant to
function under the prosecutor-general's office, in fact they receive orders from the
national police commander, meaning prosecutors lack control over the judicial
police department.
• The former National police chief General Hok Lundy was a political appointee
known for his loyalty to Prime Minister Hun Sen. The international community had
quietly pressed the prime minister to remove his police chief for several years, but
he was too central to Hun Sen's power structure and he showed no sign of changing
his position. Hok Lundy died in a helicopter accident on Nov. 8, 2008.
 Canada
Royal Canadian Mounted Police
Gendarmerie royale du Canada
The Mounties
• Royal Canadian Mounted Police
Gendarmerie royale du Canada
The Mounties (RCMP/GRC )
• Motto Maintiens le droit Defending the Law
• Jurisdictional structure Federal agency Canada
• Constituting instruments
Royal Canadian Mounted Police Act
Provincial Police Acts
• General nature
Federal law enforcement
Gendarmerie
• Agency executive William J. S. Elliott, Commissioner
• Parent agency Ministry of Public Safety Canada
• Operational structure
• Commissioner 1
• Deputy Commissioner 7
• Assistant Commissioner 26
• Chief Superintendent 60
• Superintendent 185
• Inspector 446
• Corps Sergeant Major 1
• Sergeants Major 7
• Staff Sergeants Major 17
• Staff Sergeants 950
• Sergeants 2,153
• Corporals 3,653
• Constables 11,834
• Special Constables 74s || 19,414(Sept. 2010)[3]
The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) (French: Gendarmerie royale du Canada
(GRC), literally ‘Royal Gendarmerie of Canada’; colloquially known as Mounties,
and internally as ‘The Force’) is the national police force of Canada, and one of
the most recognized of its kind in the world. It is unique in the world as a national,
federal, provincial and municipal policing body. The RCMP provides federal policing
service to all of Canada and policing services under contract to the three
territories, eight of Canada's provinces (the RCMP does not serve as provincial or
municipal police in Ontario and Quebec), more than 190 municipalities, 184
Aboriginal communities and three international airports.
The RCMP was formed in 1920 by the merger of the Royal Northwest Mounted Police
(RNWMP, founded 1873) with the Dominion Police (founded 1868). The former was
originally named the North-West Mounted Police (NWMP), and was given the
Royal prefix by King Edward VII in 1904. Much of the present-day organization's
symbolism has been inherited from its days as the NWMP, including the distinctive
Red Serge uniform, paramilitary heritage, and mythos as a frontier force. The
RCMP/GRC wording is specifically protected under the Trade-marks Act.
 China
Chinese People's Armed Police Force (CAPF)
Active :June 19, 1982
Country : People's Republic of China
Branch : State Council and Central Military Commission
Type :Military Gendarmerie
Role : Preservation of Public Order and Security, Civil Defence, Reserves, Engineering
Projects
Size 1.1 to 1.5 million Part of People's Armed Police
Headquarters Garrison/HQ Beijing, Haiyang area, 3rd Western Flag Nickname : PAP
Current commander : Senior General Wu Shuangzhan
• The People's Armed Police Force (Abbreviation: PAP or CAPF; simplified Chinese:
中国人民武装警察部队 ; traditional Chinese: 中國人民武裝警察部隊 ; pinyin:
Zhōngguó Rénmín Wǔzhuāng Jǐngchá Bùduì) is a paramilitary or gendarmerie force
primarily responsible for civilian policing and fire rescue duties in the
People's Republic of China, as well as provide support to PLA during wartime.
• In contrast to public security police, PAP servicemen, also called as "Armed
Policemen ( 武警战士 )", wear olive green instead of the blue uniforms of the
Public Security Police (People's Police). From January 1, 2005 to July 31, 2007 the
position had been renamed 'internal guard' ( 内卫 ) with arm insignia reflecting this
change; new uniforms issued on August 1, 2007 carried to term for "China Armed
Police Force" ( 中国武警 ).
• The PAP is estimated to have a total strength of 1.5 million, with over half its
strength (800,000) employed in its internal security units (Simplified Chinese: 内卫
部队 ; pinyin: nèiwèi bùduì).
 Colombia
National Police of Colombia
Policía Nacional de Colombia
 Motto Dios y Patria God and Fatherland
 Formed November 5, 1891
 Employees 143,557 (2008)
 Annual budget US$ 3.6 to 4 billion ($49.210 mil millones of pesos) (2008)[1]
 Jurisdictional structure National agency Colombia
 General nature
Law enforcement
Local civilian police
 Agency executive Oscar Naranjo, General
 Parent agency Colombian Ministry of Defense
The National Police of Colombia (Spanish: Policía Nacional de Colombia) is the
national police force of Colombia. Although the National Police is not part of the
Colombian Military Forces (Army, Navy, and Air Force), it constitutes along with
them the "Public Force"[3] and is also controlled by the Ministry of Defense. They
are the largest police force in Colombia. The force's official functions are to
protect the Colombian nation, enforce the law by constitutional mandate, maintain
and guarantee the necessary conditions for public freedoms and rights and to
ensure peaceful cohabitation among the population.
 Egypt
Law Enforcement in Egypt is the responsibility of the Ministry of Interior of Egypt.
The Ministry of Interior divides the functions of the police and public security among
four deputy ministers of interior while the Minister of Interior himself retained
responsibility for state security (El Mukhabarat).[1] investigations and overall
organization.
There are four Deputy Ministers:
• Public Security responsible for public safety (inc Municipal Police), travel,
emigration, passports, port security, and criminal investigation.
• Special Police responsible for prison administration, the Central Security Forces,
civil defense, police transport, police communications, traffic police, and Tourism
and Antiquities Police.
• Personnel Affairs was responsible for police-training institutions, personnel matters
for police and civilian employees, and the Policemen's Sports Association.
• Administrative and Financial Affairs responsible for general administration,
budgets, supplies, and legal matters.
 France
• National Police
Police Nationale
• Formed July 9, 1966
• Preceding agency Sûreté Nationale (1944 - 1966)
• Employees 145,699 (in April 2008)
• Jurisdictional structure National agency France
• Governing body Government of France
• General nature
Law enforcement
Local civilian police
• Headquarters Paris, France
• Minister responsible Brice Hortefeux, Ministry of the Interior
• Agency executive Frédéric Péchenard, Director-General
The National Police (French: police nationale), formerly the Sûreté Nationale, is one
of two national police forces and the main civil law enforcement agency of France,
with primary jurisdiction in cities and large towns. The other main agency is the
military Gendarmerie, with primary jurisdiction in smaller towns and rural and
border areas. The National Police comes under the jurisdiction of the
Ministry of the Interior and has about 145,699 employees (in April 2008).
 India
Indian Police Service
Indian Police Service
I.P.S.
Formed 1948[1]
Controlling Authority Ministry of Home Affairs
General nature Federal law enforcement
Preceding service Imperial Police Service (1893–1948)[1]
Service Colour Dark Blue and Red
 Service Chief Director Intelligence Bureau (IB)
 Head of the Civil Services
Cabinet Secretary
The Indian Police Service (Devanāgarī: भारतीय पुलिस सेवा, Bhāratīya Pulis Sevā), simply
known as Indian Police or IPS, is one of the three All India Services of the
Government of India.[4] In 1948, a year after India gained independence from
Britain, the Imperial Police (IP) was replaced by the Indian Police Service. The IPS
is not a law enforcement agency in its own right; rather it is the body to which all
senior police officers belong regardless of the agency for whom they work.
 Indonesia
Indonesian National Police
 Indonesian National Police
Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia
POLRI
 General nature
Law enforcement
Local civilian police
 Headquarters Jakarta, Indonesia
 Agency executive General Timur Pradopo, Chief of Indonesian National Police
 Israel
Israel Police
 Israel Police
 Governing body Israeli Ministry of Public Security General nature
Law enforcement
Civilian police
 Overviewed by Police Internal Investigations Department[4]
 Headquarters Kiryat HaMemshala (East Jerusalem) Agency executive Rav-Nitzav
Yohanan Danino, Police Commisioner
The Israel Police (Hebrew: ‫משטרת ישראל‬, Mishteret Yisrael; Arabic:‫ ) شرطة إسرائيل‬is the
civilian police force of Israel. As with most other police forces in the world, its
duties include crime fighting, traffic control, maintaining public safety, and
counter-terrorism. It is under the jurisdiction of the Internal Security ministry.
 Italy
 Law enforcement in Italy is provided by five separate police forces, six of which
are national groups in Italy.
 Officers in the Carabinieri.
 During 2005 in Italy, the number of active police officers from all agencies totaled
324,339, the highest number in the European Union both overall and per capita,
twice the number of agents in the similarly sized United Kingdom.[1]
 National Police Forces
• Arma dei Carabinieri
• Carabinieri in Venice, 1924
• The Carabinieri is the common name for the Arma dei Carabinieri, a Gendarmerie-
like military corps with police duties. They also serve as the Italian military police.
• The Carabinieri have become a separate armed force (alongside the Army, Navy
and Air Force), thus ending their long standing tradition as the First Corps (Arma)
of the Italian Army (Esercito). They are referred to as the Arma or La Benemerita
(The Meritorious Corps).
• Carabinieri units have been dispatched all over the world in peacekeeping
missions, including Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan and Iraq.
• In 2004, twelve Carabinieri were killed in a suicide bomb attack on their base in
Nasiriyah, in southern Iraq. This was Italy's largest military loss in a single action
since World War II.
• Until 2001,[2] only men were allowed to become part of the Arma (or any military
force, for that matter), but military reforms allow women to serve in the Italian
military, including Carabinieri.
• Guardia di Finanza
• The Guardia di Finanza, (English: Financial Guard) is a corps of the Italian Army
under the authority of the Minister of Economy and Finance, with a role as
police force.
• The Corps is in charge of financial, economic, judiciary and public safety:
tax evasion, financial crimes, smuggling, money laundering, international
illegal drug trafficking, illegal immigration, customs and borders checks,
copyright violations, anti-Mafia operations, credit card fraud, cybercrime,
counterfeiting, terrorist financing, maintaining public order, and safety, political
and military defense of the Italian borders.
• The Guardia di Finanza has around 68,000 militaries among agents, NCOs and
officers. Its agents are in service in the Europol and the European Anti-Fraud Office
. Its Latin motto since 1933 is Nec recisa recedit (English: Not Even Broken
Retreats). The Guardia di Finanza also maintains over 600 boats and ships and
more than 100 aircraft to fulfill its mission of patrolling Italy's territorial waters.
• Polizia di Stato
• Main article: Polizia di Stato
• The Polizia di Stato (State Police) is the civil national police of Italy. Along with
patrolling, investigative and law enforcement duties, it patrols the Autostrada
(Italy's Express Highway network), and oversees the security of railways, bridges
and waterways.
• It is a civilian police force, while the Carabinieri are military. While its internal
organization and mindset is somewhat military, its personnel is composed of
civilians. Its headquarters are in Rome, and there are Regional and Provincial
divisions throughout Italian territory.
• A program Polizia di Quartiere has been implemented which increases police
presence and deter crime. Pairs of poliziotti (policemen) or carabinieri patrol
areas of major cities on foot. Its critics contend that these efforts are ineffective,
as the areas with the greatest concentration of crime are being neglected.
• Polizia Penitenziaria
• Main article: Polizia Penitenziaria
• The Polizia Penitenziaria (Prison Guards, literally Penitentiary Police) operate the
Italian prison system and handle the transportation of inmates. The training
academy for the Polizia Penitenziaria is located in Aversa.
• Corpo Forestale dello Stato
• Main article: Corpo Forestale dello Stato
• The Corpo Forestale dello Stato (National Forestry Department) is responsible for
law enforcement in Italian national parks and forests. Their duties include
enforcing poaching laws, safeguarding protected animal species and preventing
forest fires. Founded in 1822, the Corpo Forestale dello Stato is a civilian police
force specialised on the environmental protection. A recent law reform expanded
its duties to food controls.[3] In Italy it has the responsibility to manage the
activities related to the CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered
Species)
 Japan
National Police Agency (Japan)
 National Police Agency
NPA (JNPA)
 Formed 1954
 Employees 7,500 (2006)
 General nature
Law enforcement
Civilian agency
 Parent agency National Public Safety Commission
 The National Police Agency ( 警察庁 , Keisatsu-chō?) is an agency administered by
the National Public Safety Commission of the Cabinet Office in the
cabinet of Japan, and is the central coordinating agency of the
Japanese police system.
 Unlike comparable bodies like the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation, the NPA
does not have any police officers of its own. Instead, its role is to determine
general standards and policies, although in national emergencies or large-scale
disasters the agency is authorized to take command of prefectural police forces.
Policy for the NPA in turn is set by the National Public Safety Commission.
 Korea
• The Korean National Police Agency, or KNPA, is the only police organization in
South Korea and is run under the
Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs. As a national police force
it provides all policing services throughout the country. This differs from the
situation in many countries including France, where policing is split between the
National Police and Gendarmerie, and between countries such as the United States
which have a layered system of National, State/Regional and/or local Law
Enforcement organizations.
• The NPA is headquartered in Migeun-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul.[1] The agency is
divided into 14 local police agencies, including the
Seoul Metropolitan Police Agency. Local police agencies are not independent of the
national police. There were 96,000 police officers as of 2004 [update].
 Malaysia
• Royal Malaysia Police
Polis Di-Raja Malaysia
RMP / PDRM
• Legal jurisdiction National
• Governing body Government of Malaysia
• General nature Law enforcement, Civilian police
• Headquarters Bukit Aman, Kuala Lumpur
• Elected officer responsible Hishammuddin Tun Hussein, Minister of Home Affairs
• Agency executive Haji Ismail Ismail bin Haji Omar, Inspector-General of Police
• Parent agency Ministry of Home Affairs
 Russia
 The Police (in Russian: Полиция, Politsiya) is the central law enforcement body in
Russia, operating under the Ministry of Internal Affairs. It was established in 2011
instead of militsiya (militia), the former police service.
 The Russian Police operates according to the Law on Police, which has been
approved by the Federal Assembly and subsequently signed into law on February 7,
2011 by President Dmitry Medvedev.
 Hongkong Police
Hong Kong Police Force
 Hong Kong Police Force
 Legal Governing body Security Bureau (Hong Kong)
 General nature Law enforcement, Civilian police
 Headquarters Hong Kong Police Headquarters
1 Arsenal Street, Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong Sworn members 35,000
 Elected officer responsible Ambrose Lee, Secretary for Security
 Agency executive Tsang Wai Hung Andy, Commissioner of Police
 Thailand

The Royal Thai Police

Formed 1933
Jurisdiction National Headquarters Bangkok
Agency executive Police General Wichian Podphosri, Commissioner-General of the
Royal Thai Police
 Great Britain
Law enforcement in the United Kingdom is organised separately in each of the legal
systems of the United Kingdom: England & Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland
(administration of police matters is not generally affected by the
Government of Wales Act 2006
In the United Kingdom, every person has limited powers of arrest if they see an
indictable crime being committed[1] – these are called "every person powers",
commonly referred to as a "citizen's arrest". In England and Wales, the vast
majority of attested constables enjoy full powers of arrest and search as granted
by the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984. All police officers are "constables" in
law, irrespective of rank. Although police officers have wide ranging powers, they
are still civilians and subject to the same laws as members of the public. However
there are certain legal restrictions on police officers such as the illegality of taking
industrial action and the ban on taking part in active politics.
• There are four general types of agency, the first mostly concerned with policing the
general public and their activities and the rest concerned with policing of other,
usually localised, matters:
• Territorial police forces, who carry out the majority of policing. These are police
forces that cover a 'police area' (a particular region) and have an independent
Police Authority. The Police Act 1996, the Police (Scotland) Act 1967 and the
Police (Northern Ireland) Act 2000, prescribe a number of issues such as appointment
of a Chief Constable, jurisdiction and responsibilities, for police forces in England and
Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland respectively.
• Special police forces, which are national police forces that have a specific, non-
regional jurisdiction, such as the British Transport Police. The Serious Organised
Crime and Police Act 2005 refers to these as 'special police forces'.
• Non-police law enforcement agencies, whose officers are not police constables, but
still enforce laws.
• Miscellaneous police forces, mostly having their foundations in older legislation or
Common Law. These have a responsibility to police specific local areas or activities,
such as ports and parks and before the passing of recent legislation such as the
Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005 were often referred to as 'special police
forces'; care must therefore be taken in interpreting historical use of that phrase.
These constabularies are not within the scope of the legislation applicable to the
previously mentioned organisations but can still be the subject of statutes applicable
to e.g. docks, harbours or railways. Until the passing of
Railways and Transport Safety Act 2003, the British Transport Police was such a force.
Scotland Yard
• Scotland Yard is often used as a metonym for the Metropolitan Police Service of
London, UK. It derives from the location of the original Metropolitan Police
headquarters at 4 Whitehall Place, which had a rear entrance on a street called
Great Scotland Yard.[1] The Scotland Yard entrance became the public entrance to
the police station. Over time, the street and the Metropolitan Police became
synonymous. The New York Times wrote in 1964 that, just as Wall Street gave its
name to the New York financial world, Scotland Yard did the same for police
activity in London.[2] Although the Metropolitan Police moved away from Scotland
Yard in 1890, the name New Scotland Yard was adopted for the new headquarters.
• Commonly known as the "Met", the Metropolitan Police Service is responsible for
law enforcement within Greater London, excluding the square mile of the
City of London, which is covered by the City of London Police. The
London Underground and national rail network are the responsibility of the
British Transport Police. The Metropolitan Police was formed by Home Secretary
Sir Robert Peel with the implementation of the Metropolitan Police Act, passed by
Parliament in 1829.[1] Peel, with the help of Eugène-François Vidocq, selected the
original site at 4 Whitehall Place for the new police headquarters. The first two
Commissioners, Charles Rowan and Richard Mayne, along with various police
officers and staff, occupied the building. Previously a private house, 4 Whitehall
Place backed onto a street called Great Scotland Yard.
 United States
Law enforcement in the United States is one of three major components of the
criminal justice system, along with courts and corrections. Although there exists an
inherent interrelatedness between the different groups that make up the criminal
justice system based on their crime deterrence purpose, each component operates
independently from one another. However, the judiciary is vested with the power
to make legal determinations regarding the conduct of the other two components.
Federal
• Federal police possess full federal authority as given to them under
United States Code (U.S.C.). Federal Law Enforcement Officers are authorized to
enforce various laws not only at the federal level, but also state, county, and local
in many circumstances.
• U.S. Park Police officers standing by during the 2005 Inauguration Day
• Both types operate at the highest level and are endowed with police roles, both
may maintain a small component of the other (for example, the FBI Police). The
agencies have nationwide jurisdiction for enforcement of federal law. All federal
agencies are limited by the U.S. Code to investigating only matters that are
explicitly within the power of the federal government. However, federal
investigative powers have become very broad in practice, especially since the
passage of the USA PATRIOT Act.
State
• Most all states operate statewide government agencies that provide law
enforcement duties, including investigations and state patrols. They may be called
State Police, State Patrol or Highway Patrol, and are normally part of the state
Department of Public Safety. In addition, the Attorney General's office of each
state has their own state bureaus of investigation.
• Various departments of State Governments may have their own enforcement
division such as capitol police, State Hospitals, Departments of Correction,
Water police, environmental (fish and game/wildlife) Game Wardens or
Conservation Officers (who have full police powers and statewide jurisdiction). In
Colorado, for instance, the Department of Revenue has its own investigative
branch, as do many of the state funded universities.
• County
• Also known as parishes and boroughs, county law enforcement is provided by Sheriffs'
Departments or Offices and County police.
• [edit] County police
• Main article: County police
• County police tend to exist only in metropolitan counties and have countywide
jurisdiction. In some areas, there is a sheriff's department which only handles minor issues
such as service of papers such as a constable in other areas, along with security for the
local courthouse. In other areas, there are no county police and the local sheriff is the
exclusive law enforcement agency and acts as both sheriff and county police, which is
much more common than there being a separate county police force. County police tend
to fall into three broad categories:
• Full-service - provide the full spectrum of police services to the entire county, irrespective
of local communities, and may provide contractual security police services to
special districts within the county.
– Hawaii - Hawaii has only county police, there are no local police.
• Limited service - provide services to unincorporated areas of the county (and may provide
services to some incorporated areas by contract), and usually provide contractual security
police services to special districts within the county.
• Restricted service - provide security police to county owned and operated facilities and
parks. Some may also perform some road patrol duties on county built and maintained
roads, and provide support to municipal police departments in the county. Some
northeastern states maintain county detectives in their county attorneys' offices.
Sheriffs' departments
• Full service - The most common type, provide all traditional law-enforcement
functions, including countywide patrol and investigations irrespective of municipal
boundaries.
• Limited service - along with the above, perform some type of traditional law-
enforcement function such as investigations and patrol. This may be limited to
security police duties on county properties (and others by contract) to the
performance of these duties in unincorporated areas of the county, and some
incorporated areas by contract.
• Restricted service - provide basic court related services such as keeping the
county jail, transporting prisoners, providing courthouse security and other duties
with regard to service of process and summonses that are issued by county and
state courts. The sheriff also often conducts auction sales of real property in
foreclosure in many jurisdictions, and is often also empowered to conduct seizures
of chattel property to satisfy a judgment. In other jurisdictions, these civil process
duties are performed by other officers, such as a marshal or constable.
• Municipal
• See Municipal police departments of the United States for a list Municipal police
range from one-officer agencies (sometimes still called the town marshal) to the
40,000 men and women of the New York City Police Department. Most municipal
agencies take the form (Municipality Name) Police Department. Many individual
cities and towns will have their own police department, with larger communities
typically having larger departments with greater budgets, resources, and
responsibilities.
• Metropolitan departments, such as the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department,
have jurisdiction covering multiple communities and municipalities, often over a
wide area typically coterminous with one or more cities or counties. Metropolitan
departments have usually have been formed by a merger between local agencies,
typically several local police departments and often the local sheriff's department
or office, in efforts to provide greater efficiency by centralizing command and
resources and to resolve jurisdictional problems, often in communities
experiencing rapid population growth and urban sprawl, or in neighboring
communities too small to afford individual police departments. Some county
sheriff's departments, such as the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department, are
contracted to provide full police services to local cities within their counties.
 Singapore
Singapore Police Force
 Singapore Police Force
Pasukan Polis Singapura
SPF
 Jurisdictional structure National agency Singapore
 General nature Law enforcement, Civilian police
 Sworn members 37,341
 Agency executive Ng Joo Hee, Commissioner of Police
 Parent agency Ministry of Home Affairs
The Singapore Police Force (Abbreviation: SPF; Chinese: 新加坡警察部队 ; Malay:
Pasukan Polis Singapura; Tamil: சிங்கப்பூர் காவல் துறை) is the main agency tasked
with maintaining law and order in the city-state.[1] Formerly known as the Republic
of Singapore Police (Abbreviation: RSP; Malay: Polis Republik Singapura), it has
grown from an 11-man organisation to a 38,587 strong force. It enjoys a relatively
positive public image,[2][unreliable source?] and is credited for helping to arrest Singapore's
civic unrests and lawlessness in its early years, and maintaining the low crime rate
today[3][unreliable source?] despite having a smaller police-citizen ratio compared to other
major cities.[4][unreliable source?] Singapore has been ranked consistently in the top five
positions in the Global Competitiveness Report in terms of its reliability of police
services.[5
“Let us together rebuild
this world that we may
share in the days of
peace.”- Lord Arathorn