JIET-JODHPUR

(AN AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTE AFFILIATED TO BTU)

Presenter
Prof. Kamal Bhattacharyya
Dept. of English
(Applied Sciences)
PHONETICS

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The Tongue: Our Strongest Muscle

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ARTICULATORY PHONETICS (Callary 120)

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 PLACE OF ARTICULATION
BILABIALS

LABIO-DENTALS

INTERDENTALS

ALVEOLARS

PALATALS

VELARS
(Fromkin, Roldman & Hyams [2011] 245 & inside of back cover)

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 MANNER OF ARTICULATION
STOPS

FRICATIVES

AFFRICATES

NASALS (NASALIZING)

VOICING
(Fromkin, Roldman & Hyams [2011] 245 & inside of back cover)

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 MANNER OF ARTICULATION
EXERCISE
TALKING SOFTLY: Everyone in the class should talk
softly as they say something.

WHISPERING: Everyone in the class should whisper

as they say something.

NOTE: In talking softly all of the vowels and most of

the consonants are voiced, but in whispering none
of the vowels or consonants are voiced. When you
talk softly in church rather than whispering, your
voice will carry throughout the church.

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NASALIZATION: The velic in the back of the
throat opens and closes the nasal cavity to
allow nasalization or not.

Everyone in the class should keep the velic

open as they say something so that all of the
sounds will be nasalized.

NOTE: If the velic is defective, or if the palate is

defective, then many sounds become
nasalized that should not be nasalized. This
is why people with a detective palate must
have an artificial palate installed.
(Fromkin, Rodman & Hyams [2011] 249)

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DENALIZATION: Everyone in the class should keep the velic
closed as they say something so that none of the sounds will be
nasalized.

NOTE: People with adenoid problems, or with colds in their noses

sound denasalized.

Now everyone in the class should hold their nose as they say
something. Is the resulting sound a nasal sound, or a
denasalized sound? Explain.

QUESTION: Are the nasal sounds in English stops or

continuants?

ANSWER: From the point of view of the mouth, they are stops;
however, from the point of view of the nose, they are
continuants.
(Fromkin, Roldman & Hyams [2011] 245 & inside of back cover)

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CHANGE OF PITCH: The “voice box” is also called the
“larynx.”

As air passes through the larynx it can be cut off

(voiceless), or it can be allowed through (voiceless).

If the air is allowed through, but the vocal folds are held
close together the result is a high pitch; if they are
held close together the result is a low pitch.

Pitch can be heard only in voiced continuants.

All of our vowels, and most of our consonants are

voiced continuants.
(Fromkin, Rodman & Hyams [2011] 254-255, 299)
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CONTRAST THE SOUNDS & SPELLINGS OF
THE FOLLOWING WORDS

psycho-socks rough-through
though-thought bleached-blackened
easy-essay cheese-cow
pneumonia-new which-who
gnew-new wash-sugar
knew-new singer-finger
Thomas-tank gem-get
phone-peas (Fromkin Rodman Hyams [2007] 251)

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 REGIONAL DIALECTS
CONTRAST THE FOLLOWING

cot-caught

merry-marry-Mary

mourning-morning

pin-pen

witch-which
(Fromkin, Rodman & Hyams [2011] 432-438)

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 REGIONAL DIALECTS
PRONOUNCE THE FOLLOWING
calf lot schedule

creek Mrs. spoon

either near tomatoes

greasy outhouse wash

hog roof with

(Fromkin, Rodman &

Hyams [2011] 432-438)

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 IDENTIFY THE SOUND
IDENTIFY THE FEATURES
Your teacher will give you three features, and
you will give the unique sound that these
three features identify.

Your teacher will give you a sound, and you

will give the three or more features that will
uniquely identify the sound.
(Fromkin, Rodman & Hyams [2011] 260-265)

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 POINTS OF ARTICULATION
( Nilsen & Nilsen, Pronunciation Contrasts 131)

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PHONETIC ALPHABET FOR ENGLISH
(Fromkin Rodman Hyams [2011] 233)

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 PHONETIC SYMBOLS
(Fromkin Rodman Hyams [2011] 245 & inside of back cover)

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 AMERICAN VOWELS
(Fromkin Rodman Hyams [2011] 248)

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 PUNS
Richard Lederer in the introduction to his Get Thee to a Punnery said
that puns are “a three-ring circus of words: words clowning,
words teetering on tightropes, words swinging from tent-tops,
words thrusting their heads into the mouth of lions.”

Tony Tanner said that a pun is like an adulterous bed in which two
meanings that should be separated are coupled together.
(Nilsen & Nilsen 181)

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Debra Fried defined puns as “the weird accidents,
amazing flukes and lucky hits that the one-armed
bandit of language dishes up….”

This last example is a case of once-removed

personification, since a “one-armed bandit” is itself a
personified reference to a gambling machine.
(Nilsen & Nilsen 181)

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SIGN LANGUAGE
ARTICULATION

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 SIGN LANGUAGE
(Klima and Belugi 42)
(Fromkin, Rodman & Hyams [2011] 257-258)

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 SILENT CONSONANTS
For each of the following words with a silent consonant,
think of a related word in which the consonant is
pronounced. This is not possible for all words.

autumn, bough, corps, debt, ghost, gnaw, hole, island,

knot, lamb, mnemonic, pneumonia, psychology,
pterodacty, resign, sword, write
(Fromkin Rodman Hyams [2007] 224)

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 SPELLING OF LONG VOWELS
Short vowel sounds are easy to spell in English: “bit,”
“bet,” “bat,” “but,” “bot” (a horse fly)

But long vowels in English are chaotic in their spelling.

We might add a “silent” e, or write more than one
vowel letter, etc.

Furthermore, our sound system has changed

drastically, but our writing system has not, so on
first blush, the English spelling system appears to
be chaotic.

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 spelling inconsistencies
I take it you already know

of tough and bough and cough and dough?

Some may stumble, but not you,

On hiccough, thorough, slough and through.

So now you are ready, perhaps,

To learn of less familiar traps?

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Beware of heard, a dreadful word

That looks like beard and sounds like bird.

And dead, it’s said like bed, not bead;

For goodness’ sake, don’t call it deed!

Watch out for meat and great and threat.

(They rhyme with suite and straight and debt.)

A moth is not a moth in mother,

Nor both in bother, broth in brother.

(Bolinger 480)
(Fromkin Rodman Hyams [2007] 253)

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 “THE WALRUS AND THE CARPENTER”
by Lewis Carroll
Write the following in phonetic script:

The time has come the walrus said to talk of many

things,

Of shoes and ships and seeling wax, of cabbages and

kings,

and why the sea is boiling hot, and whether pigs have
wings.
(Fromkin Rodman Hyams [2007] 251)

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SIMILARITY
THEORY
In this series of jokes, the puns of the first joke
represents total similarity (or identity), and the
puns in each joke from then on becomes less and
less similar. In the last joke, the punning words
are so dissimilar that it is a stretch to figure them
out at all.
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FORM-MEANING CORRESPONDENCES
Antonyms (woman-man)
Heteronyms (bow-bow)
Homographs (bank-bank [NOTE: These are also Homophones)
Homonoids (sex and violins = saxon violence)
Homonyms (to-too-two)
Hyponyms (metaphor-metaphor)
Metanalysis (un naperon => an apron)
Polysemes (ring-ring)
Synonyms (dog-hound)

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 IDENTITY
Jorge Borges wrote a parody of Cervantes's Don
Quixote. The parody used all of the same words, the
same phrases and the same sentences as were in
Cervantes’s original.

Borges claimed that his parody was much richer than

the original because it contained all of the meaning
of the original, plus it had all of the meaning of the
parody.

In addition, the parody had the benefit of many years of

literary criticism to add to its richness.

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 POLYSEMY
POLYSEMY: When a single word has two
different senses.

Q: What did one tonsil say to the other?

A: You'd better get dressed. The

doctor's taking us out tonight.

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 HOMOGRAPHY
HOMOGRAPHY: When two different
words are pronounced and spelled the
same.

Q: Why can't the leopard escape from the

zoo?
A: Because he is always spotted.

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 !HOMOPHONY
HOMOPHONY: When two different words
are pronounced the same but are
spelled differently:

Q: What's black and white and red/read

all over?
A: A newspaper.

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 !!HOMONOIDISM
HOMONOIDISM: When words are similar but
not the same in sound and spelling:

1st: Knock Knock

2nd: Who's there?

1st: Eskimos, Christians, and Italians

2nd: Eskimos, Christians, and Italians who?

1st: Eskimos, Christians, and Italians no lies.

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 !!!METANALYSIS
METANALYSIS: An inaccurate
understanding of where one word or
phrase ends and the next one begins

Q: Why does a Frenchman have only one

egg for breakfast?

A: Because one egg is an oeuf.

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 Phonetics Web Site:
Kleptomaniac (Johnny Carson & JackWebb):
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mhLLU0H34ms

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