U.S.

NATIONAL
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
• U.S, the most intensive technology producing country of
the world

• Their interest in technology is evident from the nation’s

large number of Nobel prize winner’s
NOBEL PRIZES COUNTRY WISE
 TECHNOLOGY CREATION

• Creation of technology in U.S is also superior

• Defence technology, space technology, technology

within industry are unmatched by any in the world

• U.S competitiveness declined in 1970s and 80s

 TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER

• A major factor in competitiveness and wealth creation

is how technologies are spun off to commercial and
service enterprises

• Transferring technology from where it is created and

where it can be used effectively is at the heart of this
issue
• U.S government realized this fact

• Made technology transfer an important activity (NASA,

1995)
 NATIONAL AER0NAUTICS &
SPACE ADMINISTRATION (NASA)
• Very active in promoting technology transfer

• Has created a National Network of Technology Transfer

• Established procedures for reporting new technology

• Publishes the information in Techbriefs magazine

 NATIONAL AER0NAUTICS &
SPACE ADMINISTRATION (NASA)
• Sponsored several university based Technology Transfer
Centres to effect technology based economic development
locally and regionally

• University of Alabama, Georgia Institute of Technology,

University of Florida are examples of Technology Transfer
centres
 TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER TO
PRIVATE SECTOR
• After cold-war technology was transferred to private sector
• Military budget declined

• More than 700 national laboratories with an annual budget

of $25bn were operating

• Only survival strategy was to become self supporting and

transfer technology to private sector
 TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER TO
PRIVATE SECTOR
• Changes in organizational culture were required to achieve
the goal
• A systematic, proactive technology transfer effort was
needed
• Perrin (1990), noted that DOD spent over $70bn in R&D and
have 70% engg and 38% scientists working for federal
government

• Perrin described a proactive approach to transfer DOD

technologies, based on use of transfer agents rather than
passive efforts
 ACTIVE TRANSFER PROCESS

Provides real Permits

Conveys timely
time transfer agents
information on
feedback & to manage &
current and planned
criticism on control in a
developer and user
problem user-need
programs
items direction

Allows transmittal of Requires small

ancillary information expenditure of
& know-how that is effort & time
not present in relative to the
reports results obtained
U.S FEDERAL GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES
FOR TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER

• U.S government implemented 3 legislatives

I. The Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 (P.L.

96-480)
II. The Technology Transfer Act of 1986 (P.L. 92-502)
III. The National Competitiveness Technology Transfer Act of 1989
(P.L. 101-189)

Source: Wood And EearNisse, 1992

 EXAMPLES OF SUCCESS IN
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER

• Transfer of technology from Sandia National Laboratories to

Quartex. Inc., a small private sector business

A force
resonator

Quartex asked the Quartex

Invented by an inventor to be a part of assumed all
employee of Sandia their team that would obligations to
bring his invention to file &
market maintain
patents
 BARRIERS IN TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER

 Cultural gap between industry and government

laboratories

 Legal issues

 Need to formulate an innovative business structure to

permit smooth transfer
 FACTORS FOR SUCCESSFUL
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER

• Wood & EarNisse (1992) mentioned following factors as

successful for technology transfer from Sandia to Quartex

• Technology transfer fit for Quartex’s strategic planning

• Sufficient proprietary rights to justify the risk of investment
• Potential for additional proprietary coverage for technology
through improvement patents and new technology
• A landmark invention
• Diverse market applications for the technology
• Incentives for sustained technology transfer
• Resources within Quartex for product commercialization
MUHAMMAD AKMAL QAISAR
Registration No:08-PWMCT-0056
1st Semester
Mechanical Engg Design
U.E.T, PESHAWAR