HEREDITY

10 - AMAZIAH
OBJECTIVES:

Describe the structure of the DNA;

Explain how protein is made using the information from the
DNA;
Discuss mutations that occur in sex cells;
Describe the types of genetic disorders;
Explain how mutations may cause changes in the structure and
function of a protein.
 Heredity – passing of traits from
parents to offspring
 Chromosome – carries the genetic
information in the form of genes.
 Genes – basic unit of heredity; made
up of DNA; acts as instructions to
make proteins
PURINE VS PYRIMIDINE

 A purine is a heterocyclic
aromatic organic compound
containing 4 nitrogen atoms. It
contains two carbon rings.
 A pyrimidine is a heterocyclic
aromatic organic compound
containing 2 nitrogen atoms. It
contains only one carbon ring.
 REPLICATION

Where the old strand acts as a

template to produce the
complementary new strand.
Synthesis of the new strand is
based on the concept of
complementary base pairing.
TRANSCRIPTION

It is the process of making an

RNA copy of a gene
sequence. This copy is called
a messenger RNA (mRNA)
molecule, leaves the cell
nucleus and enters the
cytoplasm.
TRANSCRIPTION

 It involves the synthesis of a single

strand of nucleotides of mRNA
using one DNA strand as template.
 It occurs in the same way as DNA
replication except that thymine (T)
in DNA is replaced by uracil (U) in
RNA.
 The product of transcription is a
single strand of nucleotides called
mRNA.
TRANSCRIPTION

 All RNA types play key roles in

protein production.
 Messenger RNA (mRNA) serves
as templates for protein synthesis;
ribosomal rRNA is the site for
proteins; and transfer (RNA
tRNA) delivers the building
blocks of protein (amino acid) to
be assembled.
TRANSLATION

 Translation is a process by
which the genetic code
contained within a messenger
RNA (mRNA) molecule is
decoded to produce a specific
sequence of amino acids in a
polypeptide chain.
 TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION

Process by which genetic Process by which information

information encoded in DNA is encoded in mRNA is used to
copied into messenger RNA assemble a protein at ribosome

Occurs in nucleus Occurs in ribosome

DNA  mRNA mRNA  Protein

HOW MANY CODONS MAKE ONE AMINO ACID?

1 codon = 1 amino acid.

1 codon = 3 nucleotides.
3 nucleotides = 1 amino
acid.
REMEMBER:

mRNA is transcribe from DNA to be used as a template for

protein synthesis.
Protein synthesis is the process in which cells make proteins. It
occurs in two stages: transcription and translation.
After the DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA)
molecule during transcription, the mRNA must be translated to
produce a protein. In translation, mRNA along with transfer
(tRNA) and ribosomes (rRNA) work together to produce
proteins.