TRENDS IN THE PERIODIC TABLE

MODERN PERIODIC TABLE

GROUPS

PERIODS
 Noble Gas
Halogen
Group
Period
Alkali Earth Metal
Alkali Metal
 When elements are arranged
in order of increasing atomic
number, certain sets of
properties recur periodically.

PERIODIC PROPERTIES
 WHAT ARE THESE PROPERTIES?

 Metallic, nonmetallic and metalloid properties

 Atomic radius
 Ionization energies
 Electron affinities Reactivity
 Electronegativity
Going down column 1:
Period Element Configuration
1 H 1
2 Li 2-1
3 Na 2-8-1
4 K 2-8-8-1
5 Rb 2-8-18-8-1
6 Cs 2-8-18-18-8-1
7 Fr 2-8-18-32-18-8-1

increasing # energy levels as go down

Increasing number
of energy levels
 ATOMIC RADIUS

 Atomic radius: defined as ½ distance between neighboring nuclei in

molecule or crystal
 Affected by
1. # of energy
levels
2. Proton Pulling
Power
Radius
Increasing number of energy levels

Increasing Atomic
 Cs has more energy levels, so it’s bigger
previous | index | next

                                                                       

                                                                               
                                                             

Li: Group 1 Period 2 Cs: Group 1 Period 6

As we go across, elements gain electrons, but they
are getting smaller!
Family Element Configuration
IA or 1 Li 2-1
IIA or 2 Be 2-2
IIIA or 13 B 2-3
IVA or 14 C 2-4
VA or 15 N 2-5
VIA or 16 O 2-6
VIIA or 17 F 2-7
VIIIA or 18 Ne 2-8
 Increasing Atomic Radius

Increasing number of energy levels

Radius
Atomic
Decreasing
 previous | index | next

                                                                       

                                                                               
                                                             
WHY DOES THIS HAPPEN..

 As you go from left to right, you again

more protons (the atomic number
increases)
 You have greater “proton pulling power”
 Remember the nucleus is + and the electrons are - so they get pulled towards
the nucleus
 The more protons your have, the more Proton Pulling Power
 previous | index | next

as go across
                                                                        

row size tends to decrease a bit

                                                                               
                                                            
because of greater PPP “proton pulling power”
 previous | index | next

+7
                                                        

+1
                                                                 
                                                    
“effective nuclear charge”
S is the shielding constant
What the inner electrons do….

They Shield the charge felt by the valance electrons.

 previous | index | next

 
H and He:
only elements
whose valence
electrons feel
full nuclear
charge (pull)
                                             NOTHING
TO
                                                        SHIELD
                                                THEM
 Increasing Atomic Radius

Shielding
Increasing number of energy levels

Increased Electron
Decreasing Atomic Radius
 Look at all the shielding Francium's one valance
electron has. It barely feels the proton pull from the
nucleus. No wonder it will lose it’s one electron the
easiest. No wonder it’s the most reactive metal
IONIZATION ENERGY / POTENTIAL

• = amount energy required to remove a valence electron from an atom in gas

phase

• 1st ionization energy = energy required to remove the most loosely held
valence electron (e- farthest from nucleus)
 previous | index | next

                                                                       

                                                                               
•Cs valence electron                                         
lot farther away from nucleus than Li
•electrostatic attraction much weaker so easier to steal
electron away from Cs
•THEREFORE, Li has a higher Ionization energy then Cs
 Increased Ionization Energy (harder to remove an electron)
Decreasing Atomic Radius

Increasing number of energy levels

Increased Electron Shielding

Increasing Atomic Radius

Decreased Ionization Energy

(easier to remove an electron)
Ionization Energies of Elements
ELECTRON AFFINITY
Electron affinity is the energy change
when an electron is added to an atom

Generally, the energy that results from this

process (the electron affinity) is negative or close
to zero. The more negative this energy the more
this process is favored. The more negative this
energy the more this process is favored.
ELECTRON AFFINITY
 Electronegativity is a measure of the tendency of an atom
to attract a bonding pair of electrons.
 The Pauling scale is the most commonly used. Fluorine
(the most electronegative element) is assigned a value of
4.0, and values range down to caesium and francium which
are the least electronegative at 0.7.

ELECTRONEGATIVITY
 Electrons are evenly attracted by
atoms A and B as in H-H, Cl-Cl

Electrons are slightly more attracted

To atom B than A as in H-Cl

Electron are totally attracted by B and

atom A has lost the control of electron
as in NaCl
 Decreased Ionization Energy (easier to remove an electron)

Increased Electron Shielding

Decreased
Increasing Atomic Radius

Increasing number of energy levels

Electronegativity
Increased Electronegativity

Decreasing Atomic Radius

Increased Ionization Energy (harder to remove an electron)
 REACTIVITY OF METALS

 judge reactivity of metals by how easily give

up electrons (they’re losers)
 Decreased Electronegativity

Decreased Ionization Energy (easier to remove an electron)

Increased Electron Shielding

Increasing Atomic Radius

Increasing number of energy levels

Most
reactive

metallic)
(the most
metal = Fr
More metallic
Increased Electronegativity

Decreasing Atomic Radius

Increased Ionization Energy (harder to remove an electron)
REACTIVITY OF NON-METALS

• judge reactivity of non-metals by how

easily gain electrons (they are winners)
 Decreased Ionization Energy (easier to remove an electron)
Increased Electronegativity
Increased Ionization Energy (harder to remove an electron)
Decreasing Atomic Radius
Most Reactive
Nonmetal
=F

Increasing number of energy levels

More metallic
Increased Electron Shielding

Increasing Atomic Radius

Decreased Electronegativity

Most
reactive
metal = Fr
(the most Nonreactiv
e
metallic)
BACK
 HOW DO YOU KNOW IF AN ATOM
GAINS OR LOSES ELECTRONS?

 Atoms form ions to get a valence of 8

(or 2 for H)
 Metals tend to have 1, 2, or 3 valence electrons
 It’ s easier to lose them
 Nonmetals tend to have 5, 6, or 7 valence electrons
 It’ s easier to add some
 Noble gases already have 8 so they don’ t form ions very
easily
POSITIVE IONS (CATIONS)

• Formed by loss of electrons

• Cations always smaller than parent atom

2e
8e 8e

8e 8e

2e 2e

Ca
Ca Ca+2
NEGATIVE IONS OR (ANIONS)

• Formed by gain of electrons

• Anions always larger than parent atom

Tendency of metals to loose electon(s)