UNIT – 2 LECTURE

J.SWARNA MALINI
AP/ECE
SHADOW FADING
a signal will typically experience random variation due
to blockage from objects

statistical models are widely used to characterize

random attenuation

This model has been confirmed empirically

Cont..
Pdf of log normal

In the log-normal shadowing model, the path loss is

given by
Cont..
Linear Mean (average dB path loss)is given by

conversion from the linear mean (in dB) to the log

mean (in dB) (average path loss).
Cont..
the distribution of the dB value of (Psi) Ψ is Gaussian

the mean and standard deviation for the shadowing

model are based on empirical measurements
Cont..
empirical studies for outdoor channels show a
standard deviation from 5 to 12 dB in macrocells & 4 to
13 dB in microcells

The mean power μ dB varies with distance due to path

loss and the fact that average attenuation from objects
increases with distance.
Cont..
attenuation of a signal as it travels through an object
of depth d is,

Suppose the ith blocking object has depth di, then

log s(dt) = logc − α dt

Cont…
Analytical model for autocorrelation by
Gudmundson,
assumes shadowing is a first-order autoregressive
process

This model can be simplified by ρD = 1/e & D = Xc,

which yields
Cont..
decorrelation distance Xc
---- is the distance at which the signal
autocorrelation equals 1/e of its maximum
For outdoor systems Xc typically ranges from 50 to
100m.
autoregressive correlation model is simple to analyse
and simulate
Combined Path Loss and
Shadowing
In this combined model, average path loss is captured
by the path loss model and shadow fading creates
variations about this mean
Cont..
the ratio of received to transmitted power in dB is
given by

the path loss decreases linearly relative to log10 d with

a slope of 10 dB/decade
Outage Probability under Path
Loss and Shadowing
[pout(Pmin, d) ]outage probability the probability
that the received power at a given distance d falls below
Pmin.

For the combined path loss and shadowing model,

outage probability is
Q function is given by

Q and erfc
Cell Coverage Area
percentage of area within a cell that has received
power above a given minimum.
Cont…
It is not possible for all users at the cell boundary to
receive the same power level
Pr(r)- received power in dA from combined path loss
and shadowing,
PA = p(Pr(r) > Pmin) in dA
cell coverage area is given by
Cont…
outage probability pout = 1− C

Combining above eqns , we get

Cont…
the received power at the cell boundary due to path
loss alone

Integrating we get,
Cont…
If target minimum Rx power = average power at the
cell boundary:, ie Pmin = Pr(R), then a = 0
Now,coverage area simplifies to

due to the symmetry of the Gaussian distribution,

under this assumption pout(Pr(R),R) = 0.5
Thank you