The Nervous System: Starter

Explainthe structure and functioning of a
List the components of the Describe the pathway of a nerve simple reflex arc illustrated by the
central nervous system impulse from stimulus to response withdrawal of a finger from a hot object
The Nervous system

Starter
• Homework correction
• Recap..
• What is a stimuli?
• What is an effector?
• What is a receptor?
Keywords: Brain Spinal Cord Sensorial organs Reflex arc neuron relay
1/21/21
The nervous system uses

electrical impulses to bring about
fast, but short-lived, responses.
These responses enables
organisms to react to their
surroundings and co-ordinate
their behaviour.
Can you remember the 2 components of
the central nervous system?
1/21/21
Revision from year 10:

Central nervous • brain
system (CNS)
What specialised cell did we
• spinal cord study that are major
components of this system?
Peripheral nervou • sensory nerves

s system • motor nerves
The nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, which
together form the central nervous system (CNS).
The CNS is linked to sense organs by neurones, which form the
peripheral nervous system (PNS).
1/21/21
Neurones (nerve cells) are specialised cells which carry

electrical impulses.
List the components of the Describe the pathway of a nerve
What are nerves?
central nervous system impulse from stimulus to response
simple reflex arc illustrated by the
withdrawal of a finger from a hot object
A nerve is a bundle of many nerve fibres enclosed

within a protective sheath.
Nerve fibres are the long axons of

neurones together with any associated
tissues.
nerve
nerve fibre
There are 3 types

of neurones
1. 2. 3.
01/21/2021
You must cut and stick these

in the correct order in your
exercise book and add the
following labels
• Sensory neurone
• Motor neurone
• Effector
• Sensory organ
• Relay neurone
01/21/2021
01/21/2021
MOTOR
NEURONE
RELAY
SENSORY NEURONE
SENSORY
NEURONE
ORGAN
EFFECTOR
MUSCLE
SELF-ASSESS
01/21/2021
which insulates the

neurone to make
transmission of the
impulse more efficient
The cytoplasm
(mainly axon and dendron) is
elongated to transmit the
impulse for long distances.
Axon Dendrites
There are 3 types
of neurones
Direction of impulse
Cell Body Myelin sheath
1. 2. 3.
01/21/2021
TASK: Complete the

worksheet
01/21/2021
Nervous system pathway

1. A stimulus is detected by a receptor.
2. The receptor converts this information into an electrical signal (known as an impulse).
3. This impulse is transmitted from the receptor to the CNS along sensory neurones.
4. The CNS coordinates the information and sends another impulse in response.
5. This impulse passes along motor neurones to the relevant effector (normally a muscle
or a gland) to bring about a response.
receptor Sensory CNS Motor Effector

STIMULUS neurone neurone RESPONSE
stimulus
receptor
sensory
The gap between neurone
two neurons is relay
called a SYNAPSE
neurone
motor
neurone
effector
response
Messages pass along neurones in the form of electrical

impulses, called action potentials.
SYNAPSE
1. An impulse arrives at the synapse
2. At the end plate are tiny sacs containing a

chemical (neurotransmitter)
3. The chemical is released into the gap
4. The chemical diffuses across the gap and

the electrical impulse restarts on the other
side
stimulus Task 4: Where do the synapses

belong in this nervous pathway?
receptor
sensory
neurone
relay
neurone
motor
neurone
effector
response
stimulus Task 4: Where do the synapses

belong in this nervous pathway?
receptor
sensory
neurone synapse
relay
neurone
motor synapse
neurone
effector
response
SELF - ASSESSMENT
Label:
•a sensory neurone
•a motor neurone
•an intermediate (relay) neurone
•an axon
•a synapse
•the spinal cord
•a sense organ/receptor
•and an effector muscle
Put arrows on the neurones to show the direction

of the impulses.
1. What type of action

is this?
2. Why is this type of

action so important?
Reflex actions are rapid, automatic responses of the nervous

system which do not involve the involvement of the brain (i.e.
without conscious thought). They travel through the spinal cord.
Reflex action
Instead the signals pass directly from a sensory neurone, via a relay
neurone, to a motor neurone for an instant, unthinking action.
This nervous pathway is known as a reflex arc.
neurone
Relay
receptor Sensory Motor Effector
Reflex action
Task : State the importance of reflex actions.
•Avoid danger or harm

•Coordinate everyday bodily functions
neurone
Relay
1. A stimulus (heat) is detected by a receptor (pain receptors in skin)
neurone
Relay
STIMULUS neurone neurone
RESPONSE
2. The receptor (pain receptors in skin) converts this information into an impulse
Reflex arc
neurone
Relay
STIMULUS
neurone neurone RESPONSE
3. This impulse is transmitted along a sensory neurone
Reflex arc
neurone
Relay
4. This impulse is transmitted along a relay neurone. Pain message is sent to
the brain.
Reflex arc
neurone
receptor Sensory Relay Motor Effector
5. This impulse is transmitted along a motor neurone to an effector (arm muscle)
Reflex arc
neurone
Relay
6. Effector (arm muscle) brings about a response (arm muscle contracts -
pulling hand away from flame)
neurone
receptor Sensory Relay Motor Effector
Click on the
sensory neurone
A
C E
D
B
central nervous system Click
impulse from stimulus on the
to response withdrawal of a finger from a hot object
spinal cord
A
C E
D
B
Click on the
stimulus
A
C E
D
B
Click on the
withdrawal of a finger from a hot object
motor neurone
A
C E
D
B
Click on the withdrawal of a finger from a hot object
effector
A
C E
D
B
Click on the
receptor
A
C E
D
B
Self Assessment
• Task : Describe the events that occur during the reflex action of
withdrawing a finger from a hot object. (8 marks)
1. Stimulus detected (1) by pain receptors in skin (1).

2. Impulses sent along sensory neurone (1)
3. Across synapse (1) to relay neurone (1)
4. Across synapse (1) to motor neurone (1) to muscles of arm (1)
5. Arm muscles contract (1) pull arm away (1)
Thumbs up or down
Complete PPQ on nervous system

The Nervous System: Starter

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Explainthe structure and functioning of a

The Nervous system

The nervous system uses

Revision from year 10:

Peripheral nervou • sensory nerves

Neurones (nerve cells) are specialised cells which carry

A nerve is a bundle of many nerve fibres enclosed

Nerve fibres are the long axons of

There are 3 types

You must cut and stick these

which insulates the

TASK: Complete the

Nervous system pathway

receptor Sensory CNS Motor Effector

Messages pass along neurones in the form of electrical

2. At the end plate are tiny sacs containing a

3. The chemical is released into the gap

4. The chemical diffuses across the gap and

stimulus Task 4: Where do the synapses

stimulus Task 4: Where do the synapses

Put arrows on the neurones to show the direction

1. What type of action

2. Why is this type of

Reflex actions are rapid, automatic responses of the nervous

This nervous pathway is known as a reflex arc.

•Avoid danger or harm

1. A stimulus (heat) is detected by a receptor (pain receptors in skin)

3. This impulse is transmitted along a sensory neurone

1. Stimulus detected (1) by pain receptors in skin (1).

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