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Acids and Bases-Review: The Properties of Acids Include The Following
Acids and Bases-Review: The Properties of Acids Include The Following
Acids and Bases-Review: The Properties of Acids Include The Following
These definition sets are NOT contradictory. A Proton donor is the same as
an electron acceptor. A Proton acceptor is the same as an electron donor.
Also the first set of definitions are less inclusive so that all of the Arrenhius
acids are found under the Bronsted definition but not all Bronsted acids will
be Arrenhius acids. All Arrenhius and Bronsted acids will be under the
Lewis definition but not all Lewis acids will be Bronsted or Arrenhius acids.
Acid and Base Strength
Strong acids (memorise) dissociate completely in water
HClO4, HClO3, HCl, HBr, HI, HNO3 and H2SO4
Strong bases are the metal hydroxides of Group 1 and
heavy Group 2
E.g. LiOH, NaOH, KOH, Ba(OH)2 etc
Weak acids and bases are not completely ionised in solution
CH3COOH + H2O H3O++CH3COO-
Ka
H O CH COO
3
3
Ka is an equilibrium constant
called the
CH 3COOH
acid dissociation
constant
Acid and Base Strength
:NH3 + H2O NH4++OH-
Kb
NH OH
4
(a molecular base)
: NH 3
The magnitude of the Ka or Kb, using water as a
common proton donor/acceptor, determines the
strength of the acid or base
In general (for acids)
HA + H2O H3O++A- Ka
H O A
3
HA
Water is AMPHOTERIC. It can act as an acid or a base
Acid and Base Strength
Ka
H 2 O 55.4 pX = -logX
CH3COOH H++CH3COO-
Buffer solutions
normally consist Ka
H CH COO
3
-
pH pK a log
CH COO
3
-
CH 3COOH
Buffers
In general for: HAA- + H+
Henderson-Hasselbach Equation
pH pK a log
A -
HA
Buffer capacity
Q. If we generate 0.15mol H+ in a reaction vessel of 1L (with no accompanying
volume change) containing 1mol each of CH3COOH and CH3COO-, what will the
solution pH change be?
For the same reaction in water what is the pH change?
Acid-Base Reactions
Acid/Base reactions are reactions that involve the neutralisation of an acid
through the use of a base.
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
In this reaction, the Na+ and the Cl- are called spectator ions because they play no
role in the overall outcome of the reaction. The only thing that reacts is the H +
(from the HCl) and the OH- (from the NaOH). So the reaction that actually takes
place is:
H+ + OH- H2O
If in the end, the OH- was the limiting reagent and there are H+'s still left in the
solution then the solution is acidic, but if the H+ was the limiting reagent and
OH-'s were left in the solution then the solution is basic.
Titration
Titration is the process of mixing acids and bases to analyse one of the solutions.
For example, if you were given an unknown acidic solution and a 1 molar NaOH
solution, titration could be used to determine what the concentration of the other
solution was.
Acid-Base Titrations
The goal of titration is to determine the equivalence point. The equivalence point
is the point in which all the H+ and the OH- ions have been used to produce water.
Titration also usually involves an indicator. An indicator is a liquid that turns a
specific colour at a specific pH. (Different indicators change colours at different
pH's). Indicators are chosen to allow a colour change at the equivalence point.
10 3
[H ] 0.02mol/L 50 0.0132mol/L
10 50 3
Initial pH = 1.88
Fraction of Dilution factor
conc.
H+ remaining
12
10
8 Equivalence pt.
pH
0
-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Ka
H CH COO
3
-
CH3COOH H +CH3COO + -
CH 3COOH
0.02-x x x x2
Ka
0.02 - x
x = 6 x 10-4, pH = 3.22
Titration of a weak acid with a strong base
Before eq. pt.: buffer system pH pK a log
A -
HA
One of the simplest ways to treat these problems is to evaluate the quotient in the log
using relative concentration before and after the reaction.
3/10
pH 4.74 log 4.37
7/10
Titration of a weak acid with a strong base
When volume of base added = 1/2Ve
5/10
pH 4.74 log 4.74 pK a
5/10
12
10
equivalence pt.
8
pH
2
-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
•Titration of weak bases with strong acids have similar features to weak acid-
strong base titrations.
Acid-Base Indicators
Usually dyes that are weak acids and display different
colours in protonated/deprotonated forms.
HIn(aq.) H+ (aq.) +In- (aq.)
Ka
H In
-
HIn
In general we seek an indicator whose transition range
(±1pH unit from the indicator pKa) overlaps the steepest part
of the titration curve as closely as possible
Acid-base indicators
Indicator pH range pKa Acid Form Base Form
methyl violet 0.0- 1.6 0.8 yellow blue
thymol blue 1.2- 2.8 1.6 red yellow
methyl yellow 2.9- 4.0 3.3 red yellow
methyl orange 3.1- 4.4 4.2 red yellow
bromocresol green 3.8- 5.4 4.7 yellow blue
methyl red 4.2- 6.2 5.0 red yellow
bromothymol blue 6.0- 7.6 7.1 yellow blue
phenol red 6.4- 8.0 7.4 yellow red
thymol blue 8.0- 9.6 8.9 yellow blue
phenolphthalein 8.0- 9.8 9.7 colourless red
thymolphthalein 9.3-10.5 9.9 colourless blue
alizarin yellow R 10.1-12.0 11.0 yellow red
indigo carmine 11.4-13.0 12.2 blue yellow
Solubility Product
Ksp
• Consider BaSO4(s) Ba2+(aq) + SO42-(aq)
• for which 2 2 -
K sp [Ba ][SO 4 ]