Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Lecture 3 and 4 Advancements in Pretreatment of Textiles-Enzymatic Processes
Lecture 3 and 4 Advancements in Pretreatment of Textiles-Enzymatic Processes
Lecture 3 and 4 Advancements in Pretreatment of Textiles-Enzymatic Processes
Advancements in Pretreatment
of Textiles- Enzymatic processes
By Dr. M. Irfan Siyal
Module 2 -Contents
• Advancements in pretreatment of textiles;
enzyme biotechnologies for pretreatment of
textiles; desizing, scouring and bleaching.
• Comparison of conventional and advanced
technologies.
• Application of Plasma Technology in
pretreatment.
Introduction
• Industrial use of biotechnology is bringing
about new products and processes aimed at
the use of renewable resources, as well as
the application of green technologies with
low energy consumption and
environmentally healthy practices.
• Textile processing is a growing industry that
traditionally has used a lot of water, energy
and harsh chemicals.
Introduction
• Due to the ever-growing costs for water and
energy worldwide investigations are carried
out to substitute conventional chemical
textile processes by environment-friendly
and economically attractive bioprocesses
using enzymes.
• The combined use of the enzymes allows to
omit the alkaline scouring without a loss of
quality in the finishing result.
Introduction
• The described enzymatic procedure is
accompanied by a significant lower demand
of energy, water, chemicals, time and
therefore costs.
• So it has advantages as well in terms of
ecology as in economy.
• Enzymes are biological catalysts that mediate
virtually all of the biochemical reactions that
constitute metabolism in living systems.
Enzymes
• They accelerate the rate of chemical
reaction without themselves undergoing any
permanent chemical change.
• The term ‘enzyme’ was first used by Kühne
in 1878, even though Berzelius had
published a theory of chemical catalysis
some 40 years before this date, and comes
from the Greek enzumé meaning ‘in (en)
yeast (zumé)’.
What are Enzymes?
• All known enzymes are proteins.
• They therefore consist of one or more polypeptide
chains and display properties that are typical of
proteins.
• The building blocks of proteins are amino acids,
which are small organic molecules that consist of
an alpha (central) carbon atom linked to an amino
group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a
variable component called a side chain (see
below).
Chemistry of proteins
Chemistry of proteins
• Within a protein, multiple amino acids are
linked together by peptide bonds, thereby
forming a long chain.
• Peptide bonds are formed by a biochemical
reaction that extracts a water molecule as it
joins the amino group of one amino acid to
the carboxyl group of a neighboring amino
acid.
More about Enzymes?
• Enzymes differ from chemical catalysts in
several important ways:
• 1. Enzyme-catalysed reactions are at least
several orders of magnitude faster than
chemically-catalysed reactions.
• When compared to the corresponding
uncatalysed reactions, enzymes typically
enhance the rates by 106 to 1013 times.
Difference between enzymes and catalysts
• Hydrochloric acid
• The HCl in the atmosphere may be a much bigger driver of pollution
and damage to the environment than previously thought, effecting
water and land ecosystems.
• The increased acidity in soil disables some organisms from growing.
• This has a chain effect on entire ecosystems, as species lose their
habitat, and food.
• Hydrochloric acid is corrosive to the eyes, skin, and mucous
membranes.
• Inhalation exposure may cause coughing, hoarseness, inflammation
and ulceration of the respiratory tract, chest pain, and pulmonary
edema in humans.
Environmental and health effects of chemicals used textile
pretreatment
• Detergents
• Often contain harmful chemicals which lead to negative
health effects, ranging from skin and throat irritation to
carcinogenicity, and negative effects on the environment.
• Researchers have found that dryer vents can emit more
than 7 hazardous air pollutants. This is even more
concerning when dealing with dryers that don’t vent
outside or are blocked, causing indoor air pollution.
• One of the most harmful chemicals found in laundry
detergent is 1,4-Dioxane. he EPA considers this solvent a
human carcinogen
Enzyme applications in textile preparatory process